Health Promotion Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Health Promotion Study Guide EssayIllness is an take that manifests itself through observable/felt switchs in the soundbox. Illness is the state in which the physical, emotional, social, intellectual or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous(prenominal) experience. It is NOT synonymous with disease and may or may not be related to disease. Illness is highly inhering. Wellness is the state of being healthful in both body and mind as the result of deliberate effort. Wellness is the state of well-being. It is an approach to healthcare that emphasizes balking infirmity and pro recollectiveing life as foreign to emphasizing treating diseases. Anspaugh et al propose 7 components of wellness 1) Physical 2) Social 3) Emotional 4) Intellectual 5) Spiritual 6) Occupational and 7) Environmental. Well-being/Wellness is a subjective perception of vitality and feeling well which preserve be described objectively, experienced, and measured and burn d own be plotted on a continuum. Dunns thought of high level wellness theorizes that wellness is the degree of illness/health modified by the environment. It says that it is an integrated method of functioning that is oriented towards maximizing the latent of which the someone is capable.It requires that the individual maintain a continuum of balance and purposeful direction within the environment where he is functioning. The patients perception of health, wellness and illness must(prenominal) be considered by the nurse in order to render individualized, quality care. Lifestyle factors that influence health (PP Health Promotion and Disease Prevention) national and external factors influence health status. Internal factors take Age, Genetics, Physiologic, Lifestyle, Health habits (smoking, drugs, alcohol, eating habits, exercise and stress).External factors include Environment (radiation, air pollution, H20 and sun exposure), Safety (seatbelts, sit on motorcycle), and Standard of living (less educated the poorer the health). How to take a patients temperature using different routes (Lab Kozier PP. 532-537) There are a number of body sites for measuring body temperature. The most common are oral, rectal, axillary, tympanic and temporal artery. Normal fully grown temperature is 37 degree C and 98. 6 degree F. In older adults ( gt 70), temp is usually 36 degrees C or 96. 8 degrees F. Newborns- 1 yr old are usually 98. 2 degree F and 36. 8 degree C. Oral Most common route.Place thermometer underneath the tongue on either side of the frenulum. Do NOT take in individual with mouth lesions or if patient has had oral surgery. Be sure to ask if patient has had anything cold/hot to drink in last 30 minutes. Rectal Most accurate route. Place Pt. in lateral or Sims position. Apply gloves and instruct patient to take a slow profound breath during insertion. Insert 1. 5 inches in adults. Do NOT take in Pt that has had rectal surgery, has lower GI problems, is immun o-suppressed, has a clotting trouble oneself or Pt that has hemorrhoids. In some agencies taking rectal temps is contraindicated in patients who have had an MI.It is believed that this can stimulate the Vagus nerve which can cause myocardial damage. Tympanic Temps measured in this site are usually 1. 1-1. 5 degrees higher than oral. These are non invasive and quick. To measure temp, pull pinna slightly upward and back( adults) and point the probe slightly anteriorly, toward eardrum. Insert the probe slowly using a circular motion until snug. Axillary The least accurate route only when safest route. Dry arm pit if moist. Place thermometer bulb in center of axilla. In order to obtain a more accurate reading it must be left in place for a long time. Temporal Artery Safe, noninvasive and very fast.Equipment slightly more expensive, as it is a scan infrared thermometer. The probe is placed in the middle of the forehead then drawn laterally to the hairline. If Pt has perspiration on fo rehead the probe is in addition touched behind earlobe. Levels of preventive health care Three levels of preventative care are Primary focuses on health promotion and protection against limited health problems or health run a risks. Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to generally healthy individuals or groups. Examples include Immunizations risk assessments for circumstantial disease i. e. iabetes health education slightly injury and poisoning prevention. Secondary- focuses on early identification of health problems and prompt intervention to alleviate health problems. cultivation is to identify people in early stages of disease process and to limit future disability. It is curative in nature. It emphasizes health maintenance for people with health problems (i. e. someone with diabetes who has it under control). This level includes prevention of complications and disabilities. Examples include Encouraging regular medical/ dental checkups Teachin g self exam of breast screening surveys hypertension).Tertiary- focuses on paying back and rehabilitation with the goal of returning the person to optimal level of functioning, within the constraints of the disability. This level of prevention occurs after an illness, when a defect is stabilized or immovable and determined to be irreversible. Examples include caring for someone with a chronic disease referring patient with colostomy to support group teaching patient with diabetes to identify and prevent complications ( midsection disease) referring patient with spinal cord injury to a rehab to receive training to maximize his remaining abilities.Understand who the older adult is and physiological/ mental changes Successful psychological aging is reflected in the older persons ability to adapt to physical, social, and emotional differencees and to achieve contentment, serenity, and life considerations. The older adult continues to learn and problems solve and intelligence and per sonality remain as they have always been. A persons social ability does not change during the course of their life if you were a young extrovert/introvert you will be an old extrovert/introvert. Wisdom increases as we age.As a person gos older they go through physiological and psychosocial changes. Some physical changes are visible and some are not. In general lean body majority decreases, fat tissue increases, and bone mass decreases. Intracellular fluid decreases which can cause dehydration. Skin run lows drier and less elastic and they become more pliable to skin tears. Bony prominences may become visible. There is a loss of overall stature and osteoporosis can occur in people who have wanting(p) intake of calcium and in women who have been through menopause. There is a steady decrease in muscle fibers.Reaction time slows. There is loss of visual acuity and progressive loss of hearing and lessen elasticity and increased rigidity of arteries and an increase in blood pressur e. Orthostatic hypotension is common. GI changes include increase in indigestion and constipation. There is increase in frequency and urgency of urination and incontinence in numerous older adults. Decreased repellent response and lowered resistance to infection is normal. Many older people have decreased thyroid function and increased insulin resistance. Respiratory efficiency is reduced with age. previous(a) adults may experience many health problems including physical injuries and chronic disabling disease, and dementia. Psychologically people have much to adapt to as they become older. Some of these things are 1) Retirement this is often a difficult time of adjustment for people. Many have a sense of self worth from works and lose a sense of identity when they stop working. Income decreases sometimes by 35% during this time. 2) Economic Change- Decrease in finances related to retirement and lack of pension plans/savings. Health care costs skyrocket because of increase in illn esses.This decrease in monetary resources can cause older people to become less independent. This causes them to lose self esteem and become depressed. 3) Grand-parenting At this time in life older people become grandparents and are able to provide support to younger family members in a number of ways. 4) Relocating- many people move closer to their children for general support and supervision. This is a very big stressor. Older adults can either live with their children live in assisted living, live at home with adult day care, live in a long term care facility or in private group homes. ) Maintaining Independence and Self Esteem- This is a big one. Elders thrive on independence and it is heavy for them to be able to maintain their self esteem. The more they can do for themselves the better. 5) Facing Death and Grieving as people age the chance of their teammate dying increases. Friends and family members die and this is a period of adjustment and grieving. The older person has feelings of loss, emptiness and loneliness during this time. According to Erickson the developmental task at this time is swelled head vs. despair.People who attain ego integrity view life with a sense of wholeness and derive satisfaction from past accomplishments. This is the time of life where many older people start focusing on their faith and spirituality. Most people start an internal life review and seriously start mentation or so their own imminent death. Caregiver Role Strainwhat is it? What nursing interventions would the nurse provide? (P. 137) Caregiver role strain is when they have physical, emotional, social, and financial burdens that can seriously jeopardize their own health and well-being.Nursing intervention would be to encourage caregivers to express their feelings and at the same time convey understanding about the difficulties associated with caregiving and acknowledge the caregivers competence. Through conversation with the caregiver assess areas where assista nce may be desired or need. Identify possible source of help. Like volunteer (family, neighbor, friends, church, caregiver support groups) or agency sources (home health aide, meals on wheels, day care, transportation, and counseling and social services. Remind the caregiver of the importance of caring for themselves.Know about these nursing diagnoses Coping Ineffective, Fear, Anxiety (PP. 1069-1070) NANDA diagnostic labels related to stress, adaptation, and coping Anxiety Vague, uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread accompanied by an self-activating response (the source often nonspecific or unknown to the individual) a feeling of apprehension caused by the anticipation of jeopardy. It is an alerting signal that warns of impending danger and enables the individual to take measures to deal with a threat. Fear response to perceived threat is consciously recognized as a danger.Ineffective Coping unfitness to from a valid appraisal of the stressors, inadequate choices of practiced re sponses, and/or inability to use resources. Terms associated with assessment of pulse (CHP 29, PP. 538-540) Assessment of pulse Terms Locations Temporal, carotid, apical, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, dirty dog tibial, pedal (dorsalis pedis) Pulse wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the midriff. Cardiac output volume of blood pumped into the arteries by the heart and equals Stroke Volume (SV) X Heart Rate (HR) per minute.Compliance ability of the arteries to expand Peripheral pulse pulse located away from the heart top(prenominal) Pulse central pulse apex of the heart (PMI) point of maximal impulse Palpation feeling Auscultation hearing DUS Doppler ultrasound stethoscope Tachycardia excessively fast heart rate ( over 100 BPM in an adult). Bradychardia A heart rate less than 60 BPM in an adult. Pulse rhythm sit of the beats and the intervals between beats. Dysrhythmia/arrythmia irregular rhythm. Pulse volume pulse strength or amplitude, refers to the force of the blood with each beat.Elasticity of the arterial wall reflects its expansibility or its deformities. Perfusion blood flow to a particular area of the body Understand different tools for therapeutic communication (P. 469-470 box 26-2) Broad opening statement frequent leads Reflecting/paraphrasing Sharing observations Acknowledging feelings Silence Giving information Clarifying Implied verbal communication Summarizing Focusing (from power point 18 in communication) further information can be found on pg. 469 and 470 box 26-2 Different domains of learning cognitive, affective, psychomotor (P. 89) Cognitive domain the thinking domain, includes six intellectual abilities and thinking processes beginning with knowing, comprehending, and applying to analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. affectional domain the feeling domain is divided into categories that specify the degree of a persons depth of emotional response to tasks. Psychomotor domain the readiness domain, inc ludes motor skills such as giving an injection. Know normal vital signs for the adult and older adult. Average range for adults (P. 529) 96. 8-100. 4. Older adults (gt75) are at risk for hypothermia ( temperatures

Risky Behaviors in Teens Essay Example for Free

Risky Behaviors in Teens EssayTeens argon at high behavioural lay on the line for acquiring most STDs. Teenagers and young adults be more likely than other age groups to have multiple sex partners, to engage in open sex, and, for young women, to choose sexual partners older than themselves. Moreover, young women argon biologically more susceptible to chlamydia, gonorrhea and HIV. (http//www. cdc. gov/std/Trends2000/trends2000. pd). In the United States alone puerile births are extremely high, they represent about 10 percent of 4 meg births each year. Not only does having a shaver during the teenage years causes social, emotional, and physiological problems it in addition cost the United States 9 billion dollars a year. When having unprotected sex, not only maternalism is a concern but receiving a sexually familial disease is a huge concern as well. In order to treat STDs in America it cost the government $17 million a year. The two most common STDs that teenagers catch are chlamydia, and gonorrhea. As a public health official it is important to know why do teenagers continually put themselves in situations that can alter their lives.Another thing public officials need to look into is the adolescents psychosexual health. There have been so galore(postnominal) studies looking at the vantage point on the amount STDs, abortions, and pregnancies teens have. Now that depression is a growing concern in adolescents today, looking into the correlation mingled with sexual activity and depression will be of great help to the public health community (Kosunen,Heino, Rimpela, and Laippala). In order to find these answers we must prototypical examine two human behavioral theories 1) Bronfenbrenners ecological theory and 2) the attachment theory.Once we have the answers to the question of why, then we can start the ginmill of teen pregnancies and the spread of STDs amongst our youth. Bronfenbrenner is the leading contributor to the ecological system of rules s theory. The ecological theory uses four types of roles and norms that shape childrens development. In order to make the theory is easy-to-understand Bronfenbrenner expound it as the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macro system. It is stated that, This theory looks at a childs development within the context of the system of relationships that form his or her environment.Bronfenbrenners theory defines complex layers of environment, each having an effect on a childs development. This theory has recently been renamed bio ecological systems theory to emphasize that a childs own biology is a primary environment fueling her development. The interaction surrounded by factors in the childs maturing biology, his immediate family/community environment, and the social landscape fuels and steers his development. Changes or conflict in any one layer will ripple throughout other layers.To study a childs development then, we must look not only at the child and her immediate environment , but also at the interaction of the larger environment as well (http//pt3. nl. edu/paquetteryanwebquest. pdf). The microsystem is where the child has direct daily contact with certain structures. The microsystem includes the childs family, school, daycare, and the childs neighborhood. Since this is the most important part of the ecological system the relationships have an fix that can go into different directions(both away from the child and towards the child).For example, a childs parents may affect his beliefs and behavior however, the child also affects the behavior and beliefs of the parent. Bronfenbrenner calls these bi-directional influences, and he shows how they occur among all levels of environment. The interaction of structures within a layer and interactions of structures between layers is key to this theory. At the microsystem level, bi-directional influences are strongest and have the greatest impact on the child. However, interactions at outer levels can still impact the inner structures. ((http//pt3. nl. edu/paquetteryanwebquest. pdf).The mesosystem is the connection between the childs microsystems. This can be the connection between the teacher and the childs parents. The exosystem is the layer where the child does not function directly. This could be the parents work place or work plan even though the child does not function directly in this atmosphere the child can still feel the positive or blackball consequences associated with the interaction. The macrosystem consists of the childs culture, values, customs, and laws. For example if the childs culture believes that it takes a village to raise a child, not only will mom and dad punish you but Ms.Susie the next door neighbor will too.This gives the parents many a(prenominal) more resources in order to raise their child in the appropriate way. Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans especially as within families and between life-long friends. I ts most important tenet is that an sister needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally, and that further relationships embodiment on the patterns developed in the first relationships.Attachment theory is an interdisciplinary study encompassing the fields of psychological, evolution , and ethological theory. (http//www. absoluteastronomy. com/topics/Attachment_theory). For a lot of adolescents, going into the teen years can be a very stressful transition. This met with a lot of intense challenges and changes. During this time the teen is moving away from his or her parents as their primary attachments figure and are looking towards their friends to be their primary attachment theory. If the teens friends are engaging in risky behaviors such as having more than one sexual partners, having unprotected sex, and etc. he teen is more likely to engage in the same type of behavior(Tracey and Shaver p. 2).Adole scents interact simultaneously in several social spheressuch as family, peer, and neighborhood systemsthat can serve to either restrain or promote individual behaviors (DiClemente, Salazar, Crosby, Rosenthalp. 1). The roles of the parents are very important studies have shown that if parents are more focused on their childs wellbeing and know the whereabouts of their child, the adolescent is less likely to engage in risky behaviors (Voisin and DiClemente p. ). in understanding how the ecological theory works, if the child or adolescent is surrounded by teen maternalism, risky behaviors, and the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases this adolescent will believe that this behavior is okay. It is important for the adolescent to have support inside and outside of his or hers home. It is a belief that teen pregnancy and STDs can be prevented, but the question is how do public health officials began to combat these problems?In January 2011 Frayser high school made national news be cause 90 girls were pregnant who currently attended the school. In Memphis, the teen pregnancy rate is between 15 percent and 20 percent and in Frayser, the rate is 26 percent, said Deborah Hester Harrison, executive director of Memphis Girls Inc. Its no surprise that Harrison places at least part of the blame on the media, such as the popular MTV shows 16 and Pregnant and Teen Mom. (http//fieldnotes. msnbc. msn. com/_news/2011/01/14/5841767-90-pregnancies-at-o ne-high-school).In order for Memphis to fight this epidemic, they have received funding from the Center of Disease Control (CDC) in order to suffer a youth risk behaviors survey and implement effective policies, programs, and practices to avoid, prevent, and reduce sexual risk behaviors among assimilators that contribute to HIV infection, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and pregnancy. (http//www. cdc. gov/healthyyouth/states/locals/tn-memphis. htm). The youth risk behavior survey shows that 90% of teenagers in Memph is do not use protection when having intercourse. The survey also shows that over 60% of teens have had sex are sexually active.Memphis City Schools are implementing a lot of different programs that will teach teens the importance of using protection during sex and the different effects that STDs and pregnancy can have on their lives (http//www. cdc. gov/healthyyouth/states/locals/tn-memphis. htm1). It is a well-known fact that parents play an important part in their childs development, there should be a free parenting class to parents that will teach them how to deal with their teens risky behaviors. Also teachers need to be better trained on how they deal with a students situation. Schools represent another socializing agent for adolescents and can be a significant source of support.This may be particularly important for many high-risk teenagers, whose families may lack adequate resources and parental support. Adolescents who believe that they are receiving high levels of support in school and feel that they are connected to teachers are less likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors compared with peers reporting less school support or teacher connectedness (DiClemente, Salazar, Crosby, Rosenthal, p. 1). By involving the parents and teachers into the snag process teen pregnancy and STDs will decline.

The International Business Culture Business Essay

The internationalistic Business Culture Business EssayWhat is meant by the culture of a society, and why it is outcomeant for international patchagers to understand it. Do you notice pagan differences among your classmates. How do those differences hit the class environment or your group projects?Society mean by culture is a set of shargond nurses, assumptions and beliefs that atomic number 18 learnt through membership in a group, and that influence the attitudes and behaviours of group members.Culture is not innate it female genitals be l take in, and it may varies tremendously from society to society. We begin learning our culture from the moment were born, as the tidy sum who raise us encourage plastered behaviours and get word their version of right and wrong.It is important for the international managers to understand it, to know how to respect towards one countrys culture. Once culture may not work well for the unsanded(prenominal) country and stop be interpre ted as an insult. Thats why, it is really important to raise the aw beness of cultural looses to the international managers to ensure efficiency and impellingness. Some cultures be difficult to observe and measure basically managers should be keen and knowledge openabout it.Managers must develop cultural sensitivity to anticipate and accommodate behavioural differences in various societies. As part of that sensitivity, they must avoid parochialism-an attitude that assumes ones own management techniques are best in either situation or location and that opposite(a) people should follow ones patterns of behaviour. The managers should know how to adjust and equal to(p) to negociate up with in a diverse cultural differences.Managers rear employment research results and personal observations to develop a character sketch, or cultural profile, of a country. This profile can help managers anticipate how to motivate people and devise work processes in a particular international c ontext.And some cultures may put to a greater extent emphasis on universal commitments while others put more weight on loyalty to particular people or kindreds. Dealing with national culture differences requires not only knowledge adequate behaviours but too more importantly, an understanding of deeper level assumptions and values that explain why certain behaviours are more appropriate than others.Time effort, reputation and even contracts can be lost to an international manager be stir of cultural ignorance.Yes I notice cultural differences among my classmates. It can venture group projects and as well class environments. It can affect the group projects in a positive and negative way.Negative In any group activities we were not beingness able to express and communicate well. thithers a language barrier that hinders at one time idea or we cannot easily express what we feeling. Different accents, antithetical words having contrary meanings and connotation that somehow misi nterpret.Some of us feel in that respect is a Social Groups and Social Alienation inside the classroom, as to each one of us has a different culture towards beliefs values and greenness interests. We dont share similarities some of my classmates feel isolated from the others. That somehow these dissimilarities create tension in the classroom discouraging them to be more aware and be patient to others.Positive We lay off ourselves to accept and adopt a culture. We gain different ideas and nurture these differences that each one of us has. These things can help us in the near future in transaction with various people who have a different culture.We became knowledgeable in diverse language and culture. We students faced in a diverse classroom and we learn different cultures constantly. We became curious and may ask questions to classmates and we are encouraged to learn another language and culture. skepticism 2Critically assess the types of operational conflicts that could reach in an international context because of differences in attitudes towards time, change, material factors, and respective(prenominal)ism. Give examples to specific countries.Owners of a caller-out and managing foreign stakeholders who has cultural differences may create managerial challenges. partys employing/recruiting people from other culture may arise in operational conflicts because of their differences.Below are the examples to specific countries where operational conflicts occur in an international contextTimeTimeliness in AppointmentsIn US and most of the first world countries really value the time. Scheduled appointments are often treated like a general guideline and to some countries it should be strictly abide by. Failure to come on time may lead to conflict and misunderstanding. Some cultures are more time conscious than others. Punctuality really matters for European countries, as time for them is riches.In addition, whether you are in France or in mainland China, your product line partners pass on appreciate your efforts to make good impression if you arrived on time. But ill to do so may feel unlikely not interested or unwell prepared to attend the occasion and business regarding.In New Zealand, they are strict in the play of hours you can work, as they dont fate to stress and let the employee feel that they are overworked. They provide certain amount of working time.Filipinos has the manana habit or attitude, instead doing a project/task as early before the deadline comes, they prefer to do it the day before the deadline or in a rush. The habit of saying/doing there will still tomorrow to finish a task.ChangeWestern Culture considers change as a positive business opport consent. Innovation comes to different type of business in Westernise countries. Business landscape for them is rapidly evolving, changing and transforming which used as a system to survive in a never ending changing business trends. Change for them is a good thing as th is start of a new business opportunity, start of wealth and new product to grocery store.Meanwhile, Moslem culture is passive to change due to effect on the gender role and religious practice. They see that a man reflects a dominance of tough, values such as achievement, assertiveness, competition and material success. Religion is something to do with faith that changes are not applicable. That it was written in a book a long time ago and should be abided. In the Philippines or any countries, which Muslim resides, men provide food and work for the family. Muslim wives have nothing to do with it, men are over motiveed and overwhelmed that results to a conflict. As well failing to acknowledge the status of Muslim at bottom a business/work or to greet them without respect can leave a bad impression.Material FactorsUS are considered as secular culture. They tend to spend lots of money and invest on material products that sometimes affects to a certainbusiness opportunities. They ar e overwhelmed with the money that they have earned and spend it. Lifestyle is actually different.On the other hand, Asian culture valued their natural resources (air, sea, land) sometimes it was misused that result to a conflict.They give value on natural environment and make new run or products with the natural sources they possess.IndividualismWestern Culture is highly individualistic like US, Sweden, UK and Germany. They are very confident, independent, have recognition of personal initiative and achievement. Conflicts that UK experience, that they maintain loose social structure, they cant correspond a person, they more likely to be militant and tend to have their own way.While Asian culturepromotes cooperation and teamwork that sometimes they are very dependent to one another. Relying to each other to finish a certain task or project. In the Philippines, conflicts arise when people tend to pass their work and rely to the help of their subordinates or co-workers that results to delayed of a certain task.Without knowing the operational conflicts in an international context may result in some costly blunders in business marketing and management, it also can affect seriously the success of international business negotiations.Question 3A.) Jo Barnes and Monsieur Hulot are both managers of Port Philip Pharmaceuticals are based in cardinal different countries. Jo Barnes is an Australian International manager who oversees the operation in France under the management if Monsieur Hulot, a French national. Describe and Compare how each of these managers deals separately with the management issue that is affecting the operation ofPort Philip Pharmaceuticals?Jo Barnes is an Austrailan International manager, shes educated, confident, independent woman. Jo Barnes belongs to a country of an individualistic culture,culture that order of battles a relative preference for the individual in a contrast to the group. This social structure are characterised by independenc e, the importance of individuals rights and recognition of personal initiative and achievement. The first approach of Jo was very self-centred that it became obvious that any idea of her running the training programs in testing techniques and lumber control was not likely to be well received.Meanwhile, Monsieur Hulot is a French Manager, which has an element of specialisation, unity of command, and unity of direction, with a hierarchical line of authority, initiative, and esprit de corps. All of the characteristics describes a Collectivist culture, these culture clearly severalize betwixt in-groups and out groups and expected to subordinate their individual interests for the benefit of their in- groups.Two countries with different culture, one has been overpowered by being independent and educated (Jo) and the other focused on the benefit of all his subordinates (M. Hulot). They were not able to deal immediately the issues but Jo Barnes was able to adjust to the French culture th at makes M. Hulot be elevated of her.B.) One of the challenges of international business in different countries is the different deplumates of International environment that impacts the role of management of transnational organisations. Evaluate any of the international forces that have affected Port Philip Pharmaceuticals in their operation and its management in France?International force that affectsPort Philip Pharmaceuticals in their operation and its management in France are the followingP3 in France are members of a collectivist, in whom they clearly distinguish between in groups and out groups and are expected to subordinate their individual interests for thebenefit of their in-groups like family and organisation. And value the overall good of loyalty to the group. They became dependent on each other, and trust everyone in their respective work that sometimes not well, as they rely on each other.With a relatively high power distance (uneven dispersal of power). Hand in han d with a focus on individual rights and personal achievement. They are concern about their status differences and show proper respect to their superiors. This status difference exist within P3 may be based on age, social class or family role. P3 employees had high scene for themselves and have professional knowledge. Power distance exists based on education and wealth too.P3 also possess high uncertainty avoidance, they prefer structure and predictability that results in explicit rules of behaviours and strict laws. They do not want changes. Not risk takers. They limit themselves into new ideas or innovation.Language barrier was also became an international force to P3s management and operation. One of the hindrances that they encounter dealing that not most of them cannot speak English. Translations as well can have different meanings or connotations.C.) A multinational company like Port Philip Pharmaceuticals deals with many constituents. Evaluate the management approach of Jo B arnes in dealing her constituents in Philippines and France.Jos management approach in the Philippines just worked very well. Filipinos were known to be hospitable. She doesnt find any hard time in dealing with them. As Filipinos knows how to respect and deal with different kinds of people. Filipinos with a high arcdegree of Power Distance tends to accept and give importance of a cultures position (Australia) along a certain cultural dimension. They know how to accept and adopt once culture. Jo was taken out for a dinner in a wonderful restaurant, every day and night she was entertained, wined and dined. While during working hours Filipinos had listened respectfully to Jos suggestions for improvements.On the other hand, when shes in France her situation was different from the Philippines. Her first approach just failed as she tends to be an individualistic (independent, self-centred, personal initiative andachievement) person, she was informed that her qualifications to be inadequa te. As a result of this approach, the French chemists had high opinions of themselves and their professional knowledge was not prepared. It became obvious that any idea of her running training programs in testing techniques and quality control was not likely to be well received.On the next day, Jo remembered how Filipinos treated her. Jo adopted a new strategy. She made a little speech thanking M. Hulot for his readiness in inviting her to visit the company and congratulated everybody on its fine reputation, back home on Brisbane, for the high quality of its products and the creative innovations it had made to the pharmaceutical industry. And compliment how proud she is to have French Connection.Jo Barnes, knew already to adjust and adapt to the French Culture (new sense of respect and able to know French commitment to their areas of specialization) She was able to cope up with them. She was able to put smiles on their faces and was able to start her training with everyones listeni ng. She set aside first her educational background, her status in Australia and her personal achievement. sooner she extends her hand to help French P3. She was able to impress everyone. She showed that she was part of the group (Collectivist) person. They have one objective and goal as a group. Thats the time brainstorm arose, with everybody contributing ideas.Everything just went well. A solution to the problem had been found and she was confident it would be implemented without a delay.Question 4Today, international business people must think globally about proceeds and sales opportunities. Many global managers will eventually find themselves living and working in cultures whole different from their own. Many entrepreneurs will find themselves booking flights to places they had never heard of. What do you think companies can do now to prepare their managers for these new markets? What can entrepreneurs and small business with limited resource do?In order for the companies pre pare their manager for the upcoming new markets. They should act global and should practice globalism. Creating a closer ties or bond to other countries by way of exchange of goods and services.Through globalisation managers may increase their interdependency and may bridge between two countries. It can also innovate ideas and can easily be implemented.The company must start to train their managers by involving themselves in the movements of ideas, information images and people. Company should provide remuneration and rewards. Provides health and safety insurance. Treating employees as assets of the company.International managers should pay attention to trends in the global industry. Able to predict globally hot topics, products and services that the new market will be interested. Managers should develop niche expertise their skills, knowledge and abilities should be nurtured and embraced through training.The international business environment influences how firms conduct their tra ding operations in both indirect and direct ways. Managers of globalization are causing the flows of trade, investment, and capital to grow andbecome more entwined-often causing firms to search simultaneously for production bases and new markets.Companies today must keep their finger on the pulse of the international business environment to see how it may affect their business activities all(prenominal) national business environment is composed of unique cultural, political, legal, and economic characteristics that define business activity within that nations borders. This set of national characteristics can differ greatly from country to country. But, as nations open up and embrace globalization, their business environments are being transformed. Globalization can cause powerful synergies and enormous tensions to arise within and across various elements of a society. Company managers must be attentive to such degrees, adapting their products and practices as needed.International fi rm management is vastly different from managing a purely domestic business. Companies must abide by the rules in every market in which they choose to operate. thitherfore, the context of international business management is delimitate by the characteristics of national business environments. Because of widely dispersed production and marketing activities today, firms commonly interact with people in distant locations within the international business environment. Finally, managers and their firms are compelled to be knowledgeable about the nations in which they operate because of the integrating power of globalization. Businesses should try to anticipate events and forces that can affect their operations by tight monitoring globalization, national business environments, and the international business environmentKnow how to market. The concept of personal branding that suggests individuals should think of them as a brand and market their skills.For the entrepreneurs and small busin ess with limited resources can do is to expand their business with new target market and customers that are not too costly. They would be able to identify their local and global potential markets. Able to determine their needs and desires. Not only discover the prospects want, but why and how they want it. It is crucial, but they should meet their wants and needs.International trade specialists can help small businesses locate and use federal, state, local, and private-sector programs. They are also an excellent source of market research, trade leads, financing, and trade events. The dispense and Development Agency also helps small and medium-sized firms obtain financing for international projects.Even if you have small business yet you think BIG that would be their free-enterprise(a) advantage. Making sure that their business takes the maximum advantage of those areas represent their strengths of small companies.Create a constant improvement and listen to the customers. Market dr iven. Listen. Act. move to customers needs. Maximise employee productivity.Question 5What are the claims of those who say globalisation eliminates stage businesss, lower wages, and exploits workers?Some societies find globalisation as a dominating concept. That it may affect their lifestyle. A country has a complex cultural conditions such as they see exploiting people on the ground of race, gender or class, people will really try to get rid such society or country.People in a certain country feel they are being over powered with foreign workers. Just like in the views of developing countries, globalisation increase phobia of inequality. It eliminates furrows from local nationality they somehow prioritise foreign workers because they were salaried at a lower wages or labour fee. Or they have lots of job opportunities but then the wages were too low, claims are they see the potential of the foreign worker or a country that offers a meretricious labour. Conflicts arise and instab ility.A country can outsource cheap labour and sell it on their country in a higher price. Local manufacturers feel that they are dominated by imported products. Lots of subcontracting that reduces job opportunities.Competition became higher and risky for local workers and labourers as international dominate their working environment.They criticize the practice of sending good-paying manufacturing jobs abroad to developing countries where wages are a fraction of the cost for international firms. It is argued that a label reading Made in China translates to Not Made Here. Although critics admit that importing products from China (or another low-wage nation) lowers consumer prices for televisions, sporting goods, and so on, they say this is little consolation for workers who lose their jobs.When a manufacturing job is lost in a wealthy nation, the new job (assuming new work is found) pays less than the previous one. Some evidence does suggest that a displaced manufacturing worker, esp ecially an older one, receives lower pay in a sequent job. Those opposed to globalization say this decreases employee loyalty, employee morale, and job security. They say this causes people to fear globalization and any additional lowering of trade barriers.Because of these claims above mentioned, it may causeissues like chauvinism, fundamentalism, and religion, ethnic and racial hatred in controversy.Question 6A.) One strategy Yahoo Could use to deal with the Chinese government is to allow its local joint venture partner, Beijing Founder Electronics, to deal with the government. What are the benefits and risks of doing so?The benefits of Beijing Founder Electronics (joint venture partner of Yahoo) in dealing with Chinese government, it can produce mutual gains and clear distinction of operational freedom. It is legalise and recognised by the authority. The process of hiring and remuneration will be authenticated. There will be a secure patent and copyright protection supported by the government.The risks/influences that the government implies to Beijing Founder Electronics There will be levels of taxation and restrictions on profit repatriation. Have controls on risks limits and observance of professional standards. Some rules to be followed and should abide. There will be labour union rules to obey. contradictory firms should regulate it.In such way there will be benefits and risks to consider in a local joint venture of two organizations. There might be an effect and impact but still its necessarily to address it in a legal way.B.) How does a strategic alliance differ from a joint venture? Explain the pluses and minuses of such alliances?Strategic alliance (called in a government perspective) is a form of collaboration between two or more companies that can take on many forms such as Technology transfer, Purchasing and distribution conformitys, Marketing and promotional collaboration and crossroads product developmentWhile Joint Venture (called in a bus iness man perspective) involves a potentially long term of investment of funds, facilities and resources by two or more companies to a combined venture which benefits all companies. All involved will have an equity stake in the new venture. It may be formed to Run production facilities in another country, establish a marketing distribution presence, use complementary technologies held by each participant and Joint venture can also be used to get around country trade barriers.Advantages or Pluses of these alliancesForming a business relationship with a partner, or partners, may provide you with a number of advantages. You may be able to access technologies or patented processes owned by the other partner. You may be able to access their distribution network.Enable firms to share costs and risks of the research and development of new products and process.International alliances serve to avoid import barriers (Free flow of goods). Licensing requirements and other protection legislation .Disadvantage or Minuses of these alliancesGlobal alliances are usually slow in the making, but in a highly competitive they present a faster and less risky route of globalisation. It is not easy to negotiate and finalise an argument, but if both parties have approved the agreement everything will be fast.Problems and challenges that alliance may encounterShared ownership (risks of shared assets), differences in national cultures (cultural differences national and organisational culture), difficulties with integration of different structure and systems, distribution of power (may dominate one partner when it comes to process/ideas/outcome), competition within partners, conflicts between relative centres of purpose and control. Disclose confidentiality of information, usage of patented technology or intellectual property rights, difficulty on collaborative efforts that lead to mistrust and secrecy.All the advantages and disadvantages mentioned above are inevitable in having alliance s. Alliances may work and may not work well. So alliances, should consider their strengths and weaknesses. Ideal partnership takes advantage in their both core competencies that will strengthen weaker areas of a company business.Question 7A.) Evaluate the management strategy used by Brandon in order to finalise the deal of the Yokohama parts with Mr. Kumatsu and how it led to success or failure of the deal?The management strategy used by Brandon to finalise the deal of the Yokohama parts with newly appointed Japanese executive, Mr. Kumatsu was based on direct coordination which decision making is based on the merits of the individual situation. It should not treated that way as Japanese have a high uncertainty avoidance which pertains to disapproval of any changes (resistance to change) and want the process in a prefer structure and predictable as Japanese company always look for a semipermanent goal.It also give least common approach that gives more pressure to Yokohama parts and able not to coordinate well. From the above mentioned strategy Brandon used, it led him to be unsuccessful with the deal. The complexity and interdependence of both parties decrease the needs to think parallel and drawn up to a contract.B.) Design an effective management strategy for Brandon to successfully achieve a good international dealing with their companys suppliers in Japan.For Brandon to successfully achieve a good intetrnational dealing with their company suppliers in Japan, the effective management strategy should be managing resistance to change. This strategy will change raises anxiety over fear of the following Economic loss, basically Japanese company look after their economic status if the deal/opportunity is worthy to grab and if it will be beneficial to the company as well to the country. Inconvenience, they want to reduce the cause of trouble or problem. They more likely want to have an easy access. They want to be more convenient and efficiency. Uncertainty, basi cally Brandon must prove that theres no doubt in their business negotiations and be certain enough. Break in status-quo, Brandon must prove that it will be a severance through deal, that he will have no fear in making it through a good negotiation and provide a quality service for Mr. Kumatsu.In using the above management strategy, it would be a successful deal as it leverages distinctive mix of orientations and strategies. It is global technological competence with unique product development. It also focuses on quality and leveraging of foreign distributor competencies. Brandon should also adapt to the demands of its new environment and culture as it clay the most effective way of maintaining a lasting competitive advantage.http//www.prenhall.com/behindthebook/0131746170/pdf/Deresky_CH03.pdfhttp//money.usnews.com/money/blogs/outside-voices-careers/2012/09/19/3-things-to-do-now-to-prepare-for-the-new-job-markethttp//catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/assets/hip/gb/hip_gb_pearsonhighered/s amplechapter/0273752634.pdfInternational Strategic Management (Strategic Formulation and Implementation) Hodgetts, Luthans and Doh, International Management Culture, Strategy and Behaviour, 6th Edition (New York McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2006)

Immortal Technique: The 4th Branch

Immortal Technique The quaternate BranchThis discourse synopsis will focus on Immortal Techniques song called the 4th Branch published on his 2003-released CD Revolutionary Vol. 2. This paper will start by portraying the artist, focusing on his inspirations, followed by a brief description of discourse analysis and the definition of content analysis which is engagementd to study the lyrics. Finally, this work will regard the main concepts of the power of discourse, the media and Islamophobia together, by acknowledging the come to in between these terms, building a critical approach towards American actions and values.Felipe Andres Coronel is a hip-hop artist known as Immortal Technique as swell up as a governmental activist, born in Peru. After immigrating to the United States at a young age due to a civil war in his native country, he was raised in Harlem, New York (viperrecords.com). The artist describes himself as a revolutionary and socialist guerrilla, influenced by hist orical events and political figures such as Malcolm X, Che Guevara or Tpac Amaru (immortaltechnique.info). Mainly his raps involve critical issues such as global and local poverty, racism and religion (immortaltechnique.info). turn down a deal by a major record label, and signing with a smaller label (Viper Records), he expressed his desire to extend in control over his music, avoiding the influence of mass production (immortaltechnique.info).MethodIn the recent decades, discourse analysis affected social psychology research on not solely textual analysis, but also aras such as films, speeches or policy documents. Accordingly, it introduced new methods in order to explore objectively tendencies and pattern of meanings within documents and focus on the interaction between e.g. the speaker and addressee (Antaki, et al., 2003 Stemler, 2001 Fairclough, 1992, p.3). Researchers often use computer programs known as CAQDAS (Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data epitome Software) to study qualitative analysis (MacMillan and Koenig, 2004, p.181-182). These computer- base methods for qualitative data analysis, help organizing and coding the data (Fielding and Lee, 1996, p.242).This paper will use content analysis to study the artefact and is characterized as a systematic, replicable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories based on univocal rules of coding (Stemler, 2001). Weber determines household as a group of words with similar meaning or connotations (Stemler, 2001). This study is defined as any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages by Holsti (Stemler, 2001). This evolves an inductive reasoning, in contrast to deductive approaches. overdue to observations and measurements, regularities are explored, followed by the proposition of a hypothesis, out of which a possibility or a general conclusion can be drawn (Trochim, 2006). The procedure of this analy sis allows to describe the centre of individual or groups as well as institutional or social attention (Stemler, 2001). After having coded and categorizing the words or the families of terms into groups, underlining topics and issue become clearly visible. If applied properly, content analysis is an influential data reduction technique due to its systematic, replicable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories based on explicit rules of coding (Stemler, 2001).Analysis of the artefact 1000 wordsThis discourse analysis focuses on the artefact of a song-text. Quantitative and qualitative key words in text give hint to main terms of blue power, religion and American actions and values. In order to receive the most objective result, this analysis was coded respectively three times and the average result is considered. Furthermore, it only regards the first and second verse as well as considering the chorus only one time. handle and American values, acti onsThis analysis starts by referencing to the ideas of discourse. Twenty-three times the families of words linked to American actions and values are found. When talking about discourse, Michael Foucault plays an important role. He claims that cognition is interconnected with power. Discourse as the production of knowledge is linked to variety degrees of power how some voices get heard whilst others are silenced (Pinkus, 1996). It beg offs the change of nomenclature and its construction, linked to the social and cultural process (Fairclough, 1992, p.1, 6). It uses the principle of othering to establish self-identities, achieved by creating a language of dislike and venerate in this case towards non-Americans and terrorists (Jackson, 2005, p.59-61). These binary categorizations are sufficient enough to capture the publics support against terrorists constructed as intolerable threats (Jackson, 2005, p.61, 72 Benjamin and Simon, 2003, p.385). Additionally, the U.S. are portrayed as f ighters for justice, while the Middle East and its people is defined as uncivilized. Immortal Techniques asks fighting for freedom and fighting terror, but whats reality?, hence, it is important to acknowledge the standpoint out of which terms are illustrated (Sakamoto, 2003, p.39). In addition, America often acted in disregard to their moral values which partly destroyed their positive image. Iraq was invaded in 2003 after the U.S. failure to receive UN approval self-interested legions actions and its ignorance towards international law portrayed Americas unilateralism (Taylor, 2010, p.313 Sakamoto, 2003, p.35). Human rights violations, we continue the saga is prove of this critique and is e.g. linked to Americas treatment of prisoner in Guantanamo Bay as well as in Abu Ghraib.Media and soft powerThe following section will develop this idea by looking at the notion of soft power and the use of media. The data refers twenty-two times to the families of words linked to factors such as manipulation, propaganda and representation. Due to the title and line the fourth break of the government AKA the media, it is essential to justify the other three branches of the American government. The first branch is the executive one, responsible for implying the nations laws, while the second branch is concerned with judicial matters, followed by the third, legislative branch (USA, 2011). The artist refers to the media and its influential power as the forth branch, which eventually leads to soft power. Nye explains his as a method to reach diplomatic solutions and co-operations without coercion, emphasizing on plowshared political values, communication and understanding (Wagner, 2005 Ilgen, 2006, p.27). Moreover it is a sort of propaganda, capable of influencing and shaping behaviours and perceptions of others, deriving from the attractiveness of a countrys culture, political ideals and policies (Nye, 2004, p.x Ilgen, 2006, p.75). This form of power is contrasted to t ouchy power, defined as the employment of threats and coercion, enforcing national interests on to other actors (Nye, 2004, p.2 Wagner 2005).Hence, the media is vital for American politics. Furthermore it plays a crucial role in constructing images and categories and helps to justify and explain American actions. It establishes an everyday and political language into the nations culture due to its role as channel between society and politics, while the average citizen, made to be, dip to the reason through media censorship and manipulation (Jackson, 2005, p.59, 66, 164).Religion and IslamophobiaNine lines are concerned with the topics of religion and difference between Western and Muslim traditions, such as a fake church called the prophet Muhammad a terrorist. This implies a critique of Christianity and refers to the notion of Islamophobia, which is defined as the mostly Western intolerance and fear of Muslims and Islamic otherness it emphasis on its differences, defined as inferi or to the West and unresponsive to change (Islamophobia Watch Gottschalk and Greenberg, 2008, p.2). It is a form of religious discrimination based on prejudice other than race and ethnicity (Sheridan, 2006, p.317, 331).After the events of 11/9, Islam and its followers are seen as violent and threatening, supporting terrorism and military advances towards to West (Islamophobia Watch). Due to the fact that the mainstream media does not inform about the nonviolent Muslim perspectives, this hatred is hardened and alienates Muslims from other communities (Gottschalk and Greenberg, 2008, p.2). Muslims appear as executioners of violence, in the name of Islam, hence Americans bring to an end that all Muslims act out of religious reassignment and define the religion as dangerous (Gottschalk and Greenberg, 2008, p.10). Additionally anti-Muslim hostility is justified as normal.Christianity and Judaism are defined as Western religious traditions, alienating themselves from Eastern religious tr adition (Gottschalk and Greenberg, 2008, p.6).The way Muslim are portrayed in the West, creates tensions leading to anti-Americanism, conflicts, clashes, misunderstandings and injustices seemingly they to do share any common interests or values (Gottschalk and Greenberg, 2008, p.3, 10).After having categorized the lyrics into three main divisions, this analysis builds its theory the artist seeks to demonstrate the power of propaganda through the media and soft power, and the ideas indoctrinate in American minds about their nations values and actions. Due to discourse, the representation of Islam in the mainstream media and through political actions, hatred against Muslims was triggered, which led to the construction of the War on Terror, as well as anti-Americanism throughout the world. American actions were justified trough lies such as Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction in order to implant fear among their citizens and gain their empathy (Gottschalk and Greenberg, 2008, p .7, 8). The song ends with the artists demand to his listeners, to turn off the news and read hence to broaden ones horizons, avoiding being influenced by certain (manipulated) ideas or deprived from the safe and sound truth.To conclude, this work uses content analysis to study the lyrics of the artist Immortal Technique. This research method focuses on use of the dominant families of words which in this artefact are discourse, false American values and actions, soft power, media, religion and Islamophobia. In addition, this approach endeavours to find the link between them, which is the power to alter representation and language in everyday life and hence, establishes a critical view towards American society, its politics and its media.

Research Methods in Psychology

Research Methods in PsychologyMETHODS OF PSYCHOLOGYResearch in psychological science is conducted in all-encompassing accord with the standards of the scientific regularity, including both qualitative and quantitative statistical modalities to generate and evaluate explanatory hypotheses with regard to psychological phenomena. These methods vary by the sources of information that argon drawn on, how that information is sampled, and the types of instruments that argon used in selective information collection. Methods also vary by whether they collect qualitative data, quantitative data or both.American Psychological Association has laid down the following rules and regulations for researchesInformed consent ( severalize them what this research is about).There should be no harm to the subject.After the research, you must tell the subject about the deception.Types Of Research MethodsQuantitative researchQuantitative research is generally associated with the positivist / post positivis t epitome. Usually it is to gather and transform the data into digital form so that statistical calculations can be make and conclusions can be drawn.Qualitative researchQualitative research is the method commonly associated with the social constructivist epitome that emphasizes the socially constructed nature of reality. This is about recording, analyzing and trying to discover the meaning and importance of human behavior and experience, including conflicting beliefs, behaviors and deepest emotions. Researchers are interested in obtaining a rich and complex seeing of the experience of people and not in gaining information that can be generalized to larger groups.Requirement of methodological analysisAll methods used for researches should nonplus the basic three qualities, which areThey have to be standardize (it must have a certain norm).They have to be valid (a test should measure what its supposed to measure).They have to be reliable.The following are the various types of rese arch methodologiesCase History Method observational Research coefficient of correlational ResearchSurvey MethodNaturalistic ObservationCASE HISTORY METHODA case study (or case report) is a descriptive, exploratory or explanatory analysis of a person, group or event. An explanatory case study is used to explore causation in regularise to find underlying principles.Case study is also called life history/Clinical method. Case study is a gunpointed investigation of a persons certain or peculiar(a) behavior. Case study research excels at bringing us to an understanding of a complex issue or heading and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case study is a descriptive method and it consumes a lot of time. In this method, we are going to question subject, family, relatives, teachers and friends.Typically data is gathered from a variety of sources and by using several different methods (e.g. observations interviews). The case study re search method originated in clinical medicine (the case history, i.e. the patients personal history).The case study method much involves simply observing what happens to, or reconstructing the case history of a single participant or group of individuals (such as a shoal class or a specific social group), i.e. the idiographic approach. Case studies allow a researcher to investigate a topic in far more detail than might be possible if they were trying to deal with a large number of research participants.In Case history, we use the following techniquesDay-Book method ( daytime to day development of a child). In this we will question to childs pediatrician.Biographical Method.Clinical Method (preventing, diagnosing and treating an individual)Social therapy worker, psychologist and physician are together with going to make a detailed report about the subject. After that they will conclude if the subject needs psycho-therapy or not.Case studies are widely used in psychological science and amongst the best known were the ones carried out by Sigmund Freud. He conducted very detailed investigations into the private lives of his patients in an attempt to both understand and help them overcome their illnesses.Freuds most famous case studies include Little Hans (1909a) and The Rat Man (1909b). Even today case histories are one of the important methods of investigation in abnormal psychology and psychiatry. For students of these disciplines they can give a vivid insight into what those who suffer from mental illness often have to endure. valuate METHODThe survey is a non- experimental, descriptive research method. Surveys can be useful when a researcher wants to collect data on phenomena that cannot be right off observed. A survey is a data collection tool used to gather information about individuals. Surveys are commonly used in psychology research to collect self-report data from study participants. A survey may focus on factual information about individuals, or i t might pay back to collect the opinions of the survey takers.Survey method is a general evaluation and inspection carried out with specific aim in mind to search for particular kind of information. When you have shortage of time, then you go with survey methodology.First we identify the problem on which we want to carry out a research. then(prenominal) we make a hypothesis on which our whole research would depend on.Then the questionnaire is made. The questions should be simple and clear, so that the subjects would not have any difficultness to understand the questions. Researchers have to ensure that all the questions are valid and relate to the research topic.After that, you sample the population and analyze the results and then conclusions are made according to the results.So following are the steps in survey methodIdentify the problem. Determine what you want to study.Sampling the population. Define the population to be studied.Design the questionnaire.Select a representativ e sample.Administer the survey.Analyze, conclude and discuss the results.PERSPECTIVESPsychology is a discipline that asks and answers the fundamental question, why do we behave the federal agency we do and think the way we think? The best way to characterize the different approaches that are taken to answer the question of psychology is to identify them as major perspectives. The major perspectives represent fundamental assumptions that underlie the research questions and methods that are used in order to answer the questions of psychology. Most all perspectives define psychology as the discipline interested in studying human behavior and mental processes, but that covers a lot of ground and the causes of behavior and mental processes are not always clear.So there are six major perspectives to explain a human behavior.1. Biological perspective2. Psychoanalytic perspective3. Behavioral prospect4. Humanistic PerspectiveThis perspective emphasizes on the role of motivation on model and behavior. Two of the most influential and enduring theories in humanistic psychology that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s are those of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.The humanistic perspective suggests that we are each responsible for our own happiness and well-being as humans. We have the inwrought (i.e. inborn) capacity for self-actualization which is our unique desire to achieve our highest potential as people.Because of this focus on the person and his or her personal experiences and subjective apprehension of the world the humanists regarded scientific methods as inappropriate for studying behavior. Humanistic perspective believes that if are determined to change anything you can. Decision making is in your own hand. So this perspective believes in human capacity and positive side of his behavior.5. cognitive Perspective6. Social cultural PerspectiveSCHOOL OF THOUGHTSWhen psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over ho w to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology. The modern history of psychology starts from the school of thoughts. The following are the six major schools of thoughts.1. structural linguistics2. Functionalism3. Gestalt PsychologyIts a German school of thought developed by Max Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka. The word Gestalt meaning is form, shape or unified whole. Gestalt psychology is a school of psychology based upon the fancy that we experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in result to the molecular approach of structuralism. Instead of break of serve down thoughts and behavior to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.According to Gestalt psychologi sts, the human mind works by interpreting data through various laws, rules or organizing principles, turning partial information into a whole. For example, your mind might interpret a series of lines as a square, even though it has no complete lines your mind fills in the gaps. Gestalt psychotherapists apply this logic to problem-solving to help patients.This school leads to the development of theory of perception. For instance when you discern something, you perceive as a whole rather than parts of something.4. Psychodynamic Model5. Humanistic ModelHumanistic psychology developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology instead focused on individual free will, personal growth and the concept of self-actualization. While early schools of thought were more often than not center on on abnormal human behavior, humanistic psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on helping people achieve and fulfill their potential. This school of thought was dev eloped by Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers. Humanistic psychology is basically a positive psychology, which emphasizes on the positive side of your behavior. This particular branch of psychology is centered on helping people living happier, more fulfilling lives.Humanist psychologists teach that to understand psychology, we must look at individuals and their motivations. Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs exemplifies this approach a system of needs, such as food, love and self-esteem, determines a persons behavior to various extents. Meeting these needs leads to a sense of self-satisfaction and solves psychological problems.6. Behaviorism7. Cognitive ModelObjectiveFill in the blanksMeaning of word Gestalt is __________(form, shape or unified whole)____________ is a German school of thought.(Gestalt psychology)____________ School of thought refers to positive psychology. (Humanistic)_______________ Perspective believes that Decision Making is in your own hands. (Humanistic)______________ School was developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism.(Humanistic)MCQsWhich of the following methods will we choose, if we have shortage of time (Survey Method)Case HistorySurvey MethodExperimental ResearchWhich school of thought leads to the development of theory of perception (Gestalt psychology)Gestalt psychologyFunctionalismStructuralismWhich of the following is a descriptive, non-experimental and less-time consuming method(Survey Method)Naturalistic ObservationCorrelationSurvey methodIn which research method, we question from the subjects pediatrician, therapist, friends and family (Case Study)Correlation MethodExperimental methodCase Study MethodWho gave the pyramid of hierarchy of need?(Abraham Maslow)Max WertheimerKohlerSigmund FreudAbraham MaslowMatch the columnsUnified whole (c)a. Theory of perceptionDecision Making (e)b. less time consumingHierarchy of needs is given by (d)c. GestaltGestalt Psychology leads to (a)d. Abraham MaslowSurvey Methodis (b)e. Human istic perspectiveTrue/ out of trueGestalt psychology leads to theory of evolution.(False)Case study is a less time consuming research method.(False)Humanistic school was developed by Abraham Maslow.(True)Survey is an experimental method.(False)Humanistic perspective believes in positive psychology.(True)

Race Relations :: essays research papers

1Race Relations and Modern Church-State RelationsThomas C. Berg*This article concerns religion and race two polemicsubjects that have figured prominently in Americas constitutionaland political debates since World War II. In particular, I wish totrace rough connections in the last 50 years between developmentsin church-state relations and developments in race relations.Recently scholars of the First Amendments Religion Clauses haveshown gratify in how the Supreme Courts modern decisions onthat subject might have been influenced by the political, social, andcultural context of recent decades such factors as the changingattitudes toward Roman universality,1 the rise of secularism inculture,2 the position of religious minorities,3 and so forth. Likesome of that other work, this Article traces the course of churchstaterelations not but in the Court itself, but in the broadersociety.It would hardly be surprising if developments concerningchurch and state in the last 50 years interac ted with developmentsin the bailiwick of race, since the latter have been so central to* Professor of Law, University of St. Thomas School of Law (Minneapolis). Ipresented portions of the material here at the Boston College Law reexamineSymposium on Separation of Church and State, in April 2002 at a FederalistSociety program on Faith Under Democracy, in March 2002 at a summer2001 symposium on Spirituality and Social Justice, sponsored by a grant fromthe Lilly Endowment and to a fall 2001 meeting of the Colloquium on Religionand Philosophy at Samford University. I thank David Bains, Hugh Floyd,Penny Marler, OTHERS, and the participants in those sessions for theircomments on the various versions of the paper.1See, e.g., John C. Jeffries, Jr., and James A. Ryan, A Political Hi grade of theEstablishment Clause, 100 Mich. L. Rev. 279 (2001) Thomas C. Berg, Anti-Catholicism and Modern Church-State Relations, 33 Loyola U-Chi. L. Rev. 121(2001) Douglas Laycock, The Underlying Unity of Sep aration and Neutrality,46 Emory L. J. 43, __-__ (1997).2See George W. Dent, Jr., Secularism and the Supreme Court, 1999 B.Y.U. L.Rev. 1.3See Stephen M. Feldman, Religion-Clause Revisionism Minorities and theDevelopment of Religious Freedom (unpublished draft, on file with author).2constitutional fairness and moral-political debate from theconstitutional success of Brown v. Board of Education4 to themoral-political triumph of the civil rights movement to the currentconflicts over how to define and achieve racial justice.The central story in church-state relations in the last 50years has been the rise of a fairly strict separation of church andstate as the paramount constitutional and moral ideal in the 1960sand 1970s, and the partial decline of that ideal from the 1980s

Albert The Absurd Camus Essay -- Essays Papers

Albert The Absurd Camus Albert Camus is one of the most likeable and approachable of the mid-twentieth-century cut authors (Brosman 10).This is quite a compliment for Camus, but most would agree. In France, Albert is known for his many books, two which have made the French best-sellers list. His works are lots read and studied in French secondary-school class rooms, introducing a countless number of students to his pieces each year. Camus also holds the high honor of receiving the Nobel Prize for literature in 1957 (Boak 346). His wide popularity has made his name known in North America as well. Just what is Albert Camus so popular for one might ask? The set would be his approach to his work the underlying beliefs of Existentialism or the theory of the absurd that characterizes his pieces (Wyatt 1).1 All of Camus works incorporate this strong sense of the item-by-item having immunity of choice, and thus complete control over his own outcome. He acknowledges no help or control fr om higher powers, just simply focuses on the individual consequently, creating a sense of alienation. Albert Camus attraction to and his use of Existential beliefs began from his own life circumstances. Albert Camus was born on November 7, 1913 to his parents Lucien Auguste Camus and Catherine Sints Camus. Albert was born in Mondovi, Algeria, a French dependence until receiving independence in 1962. His father grew up an orphan due to being the youngest of five children. His catch sent him to an orphanage to lighten her load Lucien never forgave his mother and family for this treatment (Albert Camus 113). Lucien served in World War I and was killed during fighting when Albert was still an infant (Lazere 72). After his fathers death, the ... ...Savage. Albert Camus. Vol. 8. Detroit The Gale Group, 2001. 9 vols. Albert Camus. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 30 Sept. 2004. 8 Oct. 2004. . Boak, Denis. Camus. The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography. 1973 Cruickshank, John. C amus, Albert. Britannica Biography Collection 1 3. MAS Ultra-School Edition. EBSCO. Lakeshore High School Lib., Stevensville, MI. 12 Oct. 2004. Lazere, Donald. The Unique Creation of Albert Camus. New Haven Yale University Press, 1973. MacDonald, Paul S. Albert Camus. The existentialist philosopher Reader. Ed. Paul S. MacDonald. Routledge New York, 2000. 144 183. Thody, Philip. Albert Camus 1913 1960. 2nd ed. New York The Macmillan Company, 1962. Wyatt, C.S. Existentialism An Introduction. 6 Jun. 2004. 16 Oct. 2004 .