The Axial and Appedicular Skeleton

The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Laszlo Vass, Ed. D. Version 42-0021-00-01 Lab RepoRt assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Purpose: ? What is the purpose of this exercise? ?Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise?If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. Exercise 1: The Skull Questions A. Name the eight bones of the cranium. The eight bones of the cranium are the frontal, occipital, left parietal, right parietal, left temporal, right temporal, ethmoid, and sphenoid. B. What function do the cranial bones serve? The cranial bones serve to protect organs, such as the eyes, and the brain. C. List the bones that form the eye orbit. Zygomas, maxilla, lacrimal, frontal bone, sphenoid, ethmoid and palatine are all the bones that form the eye orbit.D. Examine the skull on the skeleton model and describe some ways in which the mandible is different from the other bones of the skull. The mandible is a joint that has no real attachment to any part of the body. It has a different range of motion than other joints in the body. E. Other than the skull, what are the other two components of the axial skeleton? xVertebral Column and Thoracic cage are two components of the axial skeleton. Exercise 2: Skull Markings Questions A. Which bone is palpated when touching the forehead?The temporal bone is palpated when the forehead is touched. B. What bone is palpated when touching the temple? The temporal bone is touched. Exercise 3: The Vertebral Column Questions A. What are the five categories of vertebrae in your vertebral column? Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Cocc yx are the five categories of the vertebrae. B. Why are lumbar vertebrae particularly prone to injury? A lot of individuals use their back instead of their legs to lift something heavy, which puts stress on the lower back. C. What is an intervertebral disc?What is its function? They are discs that are made of fibrocartilage and they are used to cushion the spine from shock. D. How are the sacrum and coccyx different from the other vertebrae? The vertebrae in these column sections are fused together as opposed to separately stacked. E. What is the overall function of vertebrae? It is one of the body’s major structure supports. It encloses the spinal cord and keeps the nerves from becoming damaged. Exercise 4: The Bony Thorax Questions A. What bones make up the bony thorax?The sternum, the ribs, and thoracic vertebrae make up the bony thorax. B. What is the function of the bony thorax? The function of the bony thorax is to protect the organs that are there. C. What category of bones are the sternum and ribs? The sternum and ribs are considered flat bones. D. Why are ribs 11 and 12 referred to as â€Å"floating† ribs? These two ribs are considered â€Å"floating† ribs because they aren’t attached directly to the sternum, but they are held on by cartilage. E. Propose a reason why the ribs are attached anteriorly by cartilage.A logical reason to why the ribs are attached anteriorly by cartilage is because of how the body flexes while still being able to protect some of the other vital organs in the thoracic cavity. Exercise 5: The Appendicular Skeleton Questions A. What is the pelvic girdle? What is its function? The pelvic girdle is where two coxal bones are placed. The take the weight of the body and is what the two lower extremities are attached to. B. What is the pectoral girdle? What is its function? This is where the scapula and the clavicle form the upper part of the body.This attaches the upper extremities to the core and is a ma in source of strength for the neck and upper body. C. Name the bones of the upper appendages (arm, forearm and hand). The upper appendage consist of the Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Olecranon Process, Carpals, Metacarpals and the Phalanges. D. Name the bones of the lower appendages (thigh, leg and foot). The lower appendage consists of the Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Talus, Calcaneus, Metatarsals and the Phalanges. E. Which of the four categories of bones do MOST of the bones of the appendicular skeleton fit into?Most of the bones in the human body are categorized as long bones. Conclusions Why is it important to relate the structures of the axial and appendicular skeleton to one another? It is important to relate the structure of the axial and appendicular skeleton because some of the bones function differently, yet look the same or they look the same and have different functions (i. e. legs are for walking while arms are for holding). A lot of the other bones form a structur e for weight bearing and others are more shock absorbers.

Mkt 421 Week 3 Kudler Paper

Marketing Research: Kudler Fine Foods Susan Karr MKT 421 October 1, 2012 Ricci Rizzo Marketing Research: Kudler Fine Foods In order to succeed, it is fundamental that businesses satisfy consumers’ needs (and desires) for goods and services. Appropriate market research provides the data necessary to understand those needs and respond to them effectively and profitably. Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) has performed market research in the past. Some of that research has been helpful; some has not. Additional market research is needed for KFF to reach a larger share of the market and increase profitability.Kudler Fine Foods is a gourmet grocery store. KFF sells meat, produce, cheese, and wine. They also provide catering services. KFF has targeted two market segments, high-income consumers and gourmands (gourmet food enthusiasts) (Kudler Fine Foods, 2011, Sales Plan 2007 webpage). These markets were selected based on the strengths owner Kathy Kudler brings to her organization. Gourmet food is Kathy’s passion. KFF has used historical data, customer surveys, and feedback from its sales force to discover what its target market wants.Observing patterns in historical data and extending those patterns to predict the future, or trend extrapolation, is the â€Å"best-known statistical method† for predicting future sales (Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2011, p. 215). Salesforce survey forecasts, such as the feedback from managers at the operations review meetings on the sample offerings Kathy is considering, are another logical approach to discovering what the target customer wants (Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2011, p. 215). KFF’s customer surveys are an additional tool used to fine-tune what their customers (new and existing) really want.The company has begun to track customer purchase behavior to forecast which products and services are most likely to be in demand and when specifically (year-round, seasonally, holidays, etc. ). KFF is considering a ddressing changes in consumer expectations in the changing e-commerce arena (KFF currently has an informational website that consumers can visit). KFF believes quality and specialty items, especially new ones, are most important to its customers. Kudler Fine Foods has no direct competition with other gourmet grocery stores in their current locations.Kathy chose the locations for this reason and for their accessibility to KFF’s target high income consumers. KFF has been emphasizing direct mail promotions to high income zip codes, word-of-mouth advertising via satisfied customers, and personal sales promotions both in-store and at various community events. Although Kudler Fine Foods has chosen two very specific markets to target, a more thorough understanding of those target markets is needed to deliver what they want. One of KFF’s target markets is gourmands.KFF’s research focus in this area has been primarily on the supply side: Kathy monitors what products the competition is offering, what products are advertised in gourmet magazines, and what products are shown at gourmet conventions and websites. To discover what gourmands want, KFF also needs to research the demand side. Mining on-line blogs and gourmet food forums are two ways KFF can increase its understanding of what gourmands want. Customer surveys, such as the ones KFF currently uses in-store, can also be revised and used both in-store and on-line. Specific areas to be researched include: * What products do they want? A changing selection of items or traditional items? * The newest items available or a more specific selection, such as local artisan wines and cheeses? * When do they want it? * Are there different times when certain items are desired more or less? * What do they want over the holiday season? Or during the summer versus the winter? * Where / how do they want it delivered? * Do they want to shop for it and prepare it themselves? If so, do they want to be able to shop on-line? * Do they want to attend classes to learn how to use the products? * Are they interested in on-line tutorials? * How much do they want the product to cost? Note: Based on answers to KFF’s 2011 Customer Survey, price is one area where additional research is vital. More than 50% of respondents did not feel the merchandise was a â€Å"good value for the money† (Kudler Fine Foods, 2011, 2011 Market Survey webpage). * What do they expect to pay? * What are they willing to pay? (Rizzo, 2012). Additional research is needed to more effectively reach KFF’s other target market, high income consumers. Currently KFF segments this market geographically based on zip code areas determined by various factors to be â€Å"higher-income† areas (based on real estate prices, for example).Although somewhat targeted, this promotional method uses the â€Å"shotgun† approach: direct mail is â€Å"blasted† over an area in hopes of reaching the target (Respon se Targeted Marketing, 2010). Past sales data (information on customers who spent over a certain amount or purchased large quantities) can be mined to determine where they live and how much they make. This demographic information can then be used to procure or generate lists of similar people. Using direct mail promotions, the target market can be contacted more effectively. It is important that KFF take measures to track the results of marketing campaigns.For example, if a direct mail postcard with a promotional offer is sent out, tracking sales generated from that offer will tell KFF if they are reaching their target or wasting their time and need to re-aim. This also means asking customers directly how they found out about KFF or what brought them into the store. Again, updating the current Customer Survey is a simple way to accomplish this. Kudler Fine Foods can improve its marketing strategy by focusing on three competitive intelligence priorities: 1. Understanding the consumer environment 2. Assessing and tracking competitor’s actions 3.Providing early warnings of opportunities and threats Several of the recommendations for increasing understanding of the target market will also help KFF understand the consumer environment better. Increased utilization of internet technology, such as implementing on-line surveys and monitoring gourmet consumer blogs and forums, is simple and cost-effective. Continuing to monitor competitors as Kathy has in the past is also important. To prioritize this, KFF’s department heads and managers can contribute to intelligence gathering, paying particular attention to competition, customers, and trends relevant to their areas of expertise.Most of this information can be gathered during customer and employee interactions; some will require research via internet, magazine, and the gourmet food community, even visiting competitors’ stores. Communication is vital to provide KFF with early warning of threats and opportunities. Kathy visits the stores personally: Discussing consumers and competitors, not just products and services, with employees and managers during these visits will ensure opportunities, as well as threats, are revealed in a timely manner.Kudler Fine Foods has begun to develop a foundation for successfully marketing its products and services. It is important that KFF perform additional research in some areas and continue to modify and improve on its marketing strategy. By updating it Customer Survey, capitalizing on information freely available on the internet and taking advantage of information previously gathered, KFF can reach a larger share of the gourmet foods retail market and increase profitability. References Kerin, R. , Hartley, S. & Rudelius, W. (2011). Marketing (10th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Kudler Fine Foods (2011). Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/Kudler2/intranet/sales-plan. asp Response Targeted Marketing (2010). Shotgun Marketing Versus Targeted Marketing: 8 Steps To Focus Your Energies And Get More Sales For Less Investment. Retrieved from http://www. responsetargetedmarketing. com/2010/02/05/shotgun-marketing-versus-targeted-marketing-8-steps-to-focus-your-energies-and-get-more-sales-for-less-investment/ Rizzo, R. (2012). Marketing Process. Retrieved from http://www. screencast. com/t/R65nHl3j8ARl

Motive and Murder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Motive and Murder - Research Paper Example The physical evidence collected from the crime scene led the police to suspect O. J. Simpson who was ex-husband of Nicole Brown. They have divorced two years back. There were also incidents of domestic violence, which Nicole Brown informed to her family, and also to the police. Nicole’s Brown also blamed O. J. Simpson for killing Brown (Hunt, 1999). As far as Ronald Goldman was concerned, he just came for returning sunglasses of Nicole Brown’s mother, Juditha Brown who left them on a restaurant table. Ronald Goldman was a waiter at the restaurant, Mezzaluna Trattoria in Los Angeles (Linder, 2000). The case is still unsolved because O. J. Simpson, against whom all the evidence are obtained, has attained the services of influential defense team who have proved all the evidences as framed against Simpson. The investigative team relied on some proofs that they collected from the crime scene in order to convict O. J. Simpson for murdering his ex-wife and the waiter. Mueller (1996) informed that the investigators depended on three sorts of proofs. The first proof to analyze Simpson, being an important suspect, was his motivation for committing the murder. As per Simpson’s statement, he never wanted them to get divorced as he said, â€Å"I loved her, I didnt want us to separate† (Vannatter, 1994) but, he also realized that their relationship had been ‘a problem relationship’ (Vannatter, 1994). However, he was not happy for his separation. They broke their relationship for the second time. Afterwards, they got divorced. They also thought about some reconciliation and had tried it to work out for them, but they failed (Mueller, 1996). Simpson in his statement informed about his relationship, â€Å"we both knew it wasnt working† (Vannatter, 1994). Mueller ( 1996) also informed that Nicole Brown returned his ‘birthday gift’ and when they were at the dance recital for their daughter, Sydney, Brown excluded him from the family circle and also from the

Shirley Chisholm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

Shirley Chisholm - Essay Example She was active in the League of Women Voters, the Bedford-Stuyvesant Political League, and the Brooklyn branch of the NAACP, and served in the New York State Assembly from 1964-68, the first black woman from Brooklyn to serve in the Assembly. In 1968 Shirley Chisholm ran for U.S. representative from the Twelfth District under the slogan, "Unbought and Unbossed" and won the election by 788 votes. She attended the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago as a New York state national committeewoman. The first black woman to serve in the U.S. Congress, Chisholm voted against the anti-ballistic missile and the SST, co-sponsored a day-care facilities bill with Bella Abzug, supported the Equal Rights Amendment and the right to abortion, and helped to found the National Women's Political Caucus in 1971. Chisholm entered the presidential campaign in 1972 and earned 152 delegate votes at the Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach before withdrawing her candidacy. She served in Congress until 1982, continuing to work for equal rights for blacks, women, and other minorities. She was married to Conrad Q. Chisholm in October 1949. Chisholm commented on her 1972 campaign for the presidency: "I ran because someone had to do it first. In this country everyone is supposed to be able to run for President, but that's never really been true. I ran because most people think the country isn't really ready for a black candidate, not ready for a woman candidate. Someday. . . ." ( The Good Fight, Chapter 1, 1973) When Shirley Chisholm decided to make a historic run for Congress in 1968, her candidacy was greeted, once again, with dismay by black male politicians within her district. Publicly they voiced concern about Chisholm's "independence" from the local Democratic leadership, but privately they objected to her because she was an uppity woman. Chisholm won the primary only to discover that her Republican opponent James Farmer (the former director of the civil rights organization Congress of Racial Equality) planned to make a campaign issue of her gender. His strategy backfired; and Chisholm, who had cleverly responded by organizing the women of her district, beat Farmer by a margin of 2.5 to 1. Four years later when Chisholm entered the race for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination, she faced an even more uphill battle. First, the Democratic front-runners had more money and larger, professionally trained campaign staffs than did Chisholm. Second, Chisholm's race and gender made her candidacy "suspect" in the eyes of the press, the political elite, and among many voters; few people were willing to see her as a "serious" candidate (a point she laments in her account of the 1972 campaign, The Good Fight). Third, Chisholm's candidacy created a political dilemma for two groups, feminists and the civil rights establishment, predisposed to support her. Should they support her because of her strong congressional record on women's rights and civil rights, or should they use their political clout to extract promises of support for their issues from someone (like George McGovern) who stood a better chance of capturing the Democratic party's nomination In the end, although

Ethics Article Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics Article Analysis - Essay Example imbroglio, President Obama called Wall Street bankers "shameful" for giving out nearly $20 billion in bonuses while the government bailed out financial institutions (Herald Tribune, 2009, Jan 29). Whelan, in his article, â€Å"Spirituality and the Global Financial Crisis† (2009), raises pertinent questions: How was this allowed to happen? What ideology, what policy, what abuses made this possible? Were there any warnings? And if so, why were they ignored?† The writer also argues on the ethical propriety of top CEOs amassing huge wealth amidst such epic financial crisis. On a spiritual note, society craves for joy in life. And what is J-O-Y? Jesus-Others-You: necessarily in that order. But our capitalist, consumerist approach to life, is otherwise. Enjoy has verily turned into, end-joy! The common person’s bafflement has naturally turned into anger. Questions about moral and ethical values in society are beginning to surface, especially, in the corporate arena. The financial crisis provides an opportunity for somber introspection, contemplation, and reflection on the foundations of human values on which corporate, and business edifices are built. Ethical considerations in financial management and decision making should focus on the societal and national goals. As Whelan puts it, â€Å"spirituality is living relationships. Spirituality can transform the culture and support the new economic structures and government regulations intended to foster and protect the common good.† Whilst business managers seek to maximize profit to delight investors of their companies, presumably legally, it is equally important to examine, can profits accrue by being good? Is there an incentive for being good? The reward of being good is goodness itself. It has a long term spread of happiness that only grows. Hooker candidly asks, â€Å"Business management is all about making the right decisions. Ethics is all about making the right decisions. So what is the difference between the

Barbie and Mattel Corporation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Barbie and Mattel Corporation - Term Paper Example Creating a brand name serves as the best way to achieve this objective. This was the main story behind the success of Barbie in Mattel Corporation. Handler and Elliot modeled a success story by taking a different approach in that designing and modeling Barbie differently from other dolls in the market, which are susceptible to fashion and fickleness. Since customers are aware of an existing similar brand in the market, they are more likely to be more attached to a brand extension that provides better utility as compared to a new product (Arslan & Altuona, 2010). The success behind Barbie was that while other dolls were modeled on the prospect of being tender and dependent , Mattel developed a completely different approach of the same dolls by making Barbie to appear independent and having an elaborated adult figure that portrayed compete femininity that many girls of different ages were attracted to or tried to emulate. This was better enhanced by providing Barbie with different hair styles, mood expressions and different expressions of careers. Barbie according to these aspects became more than a doll in the lives of many young and middle age girls, in that Barbie had a different lovely expression to each age group. This was the story behind creating a brand name in dolls industry that made Barbie to become a lifestyle for many. Though Barbie was hardly a high tech product, it was through innovation that Mattel made the model to be a brand name in the market. The idea of innovativeness and extensions made the two to adopt a different approach that made the product a brand name in the market. An existing product can be created into a new product through brand extension that is much cheaper as compared to introducing a new product in the market (Arslan & Altuona, 2010). Largely brand extensions provide a better way to making brand recognition and image in venturing new markets (Aaker & Keller, 1990).  

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business management - Essay Example mportant when assessing the potential success of a business partnership prior to implementation since it gives a general overview of the market situation in relation to the goals of the alliance hence makes it easier to draft business strategies. The main variables analysed are the resources available to the alliance, the marketplace competitive advantage and prospective financial performance superiority. According to the model, competition typically consists of the continuous struggle among organizations for comparative advantages in their amount and quality of resources that will result to better marketplace positions (also competitive advantage) and, in so doing, superior financial performance. An analysis of these two partnerships using the resource-advantage theory shows that the partnerships put all partners involved at an advantage over their competitors, promising increased revenue returns on the venture through several avenues such as an expanded market segment, production o f high quality products and also expansion of the resource base (including funding, staff expertise and infrastructure). Google (derived from ‘googol’ meaning 10100) began as a thesis of two Ph.D. students at Stanford University who later became its founders (Google Inc. 2014: Para 1). Over the years, it has made enormous progress, made possible through a chain of acquisitions and partnerships with the aim of constantly improving customer experience through creativity and innovation. Some of the major alliances that Google has undertaken include the partnership with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and more recently, an alliance with carmakers called the Open Auto Alliance. Below is a schematic diagram of the resource-advantage model adapted from Hunt and Morgan (1997) Alliance with NASA has got very promising prospects. The main intent of this partnership is to increase innovation in the use of the internet to make it more productive and accessible. The

Core Competence Needed to Provide the Competetive Advantage Essay

Core Competence Needed to Provide the Competetive Advantage - Essay Example Company Dossier 1). Off late, R&D section of Sony had lagged behind in strides it used to make in the 1960s with such innovative products as Trinitron and WEGA in the 1990s by using the state-of-the-art technology to be the leader of the horizon of consumer electronics market. With the arrival of digital technology, Sony has lagged behind the competitors in television market. Change in people’s attitude becomes evident unlike the 1940s when brand recognition was the major reason of Sony’s better sales performance. Younger generation takes purchase decision considering a number of factors. Without presenting distinct features, Sony cannot lure the buyers and scope of presenting such features in the digital environment is quite limited. The Korean competitors Samsung and LG are leading the race for market space to Sony in television market. A comparison of the LCD television market can help in finding the causes of Sony’s lost ground (Chang 5). Samsung and LG Elect ronics have been the leading producers in the flat-screen TV market in 2010, which includes liquid-crystal display (LCD) TVs and plasma display panel (PDP) TVs. Samsung Electronics captured 18.7% market of the flat-screen TVs sold worldwide in2010, the second-in-lead LG were able to capture 13.1% while Sony could gain access to 10.3% share of total flat screen market. This scenario reiterates that Sony is losing ground to its Korean competitors in LCD TV (Asia Pulse par. 3). Analyzing the technological causes of Sony’s lagging behind Samsung is the advantage it has from its Motion Adaptive Dimming algorithm which saves 20 percent electricity through the LED brightness. Comparatively, technology at Samsung is more sophisticated than Sony’s Bravia range. Samsung has mastered the leading technologies through its R&D in LCD technologies. Such features as Motion adaptive dimming and edge-lit LED LCD TVs add to the competitive advantage of Samsung. Let us analyze the cause o f Sony receding back from the top position in the LCD television market. During the 1990s the television technology shifted from analog to digital. Sony had invested hugely on its analog technologies for the WEGA line, which was the leading product line of the time. Use of microprocessors made digital TVs more like Personal Computers rather than analog TVs. That time Samsung had gained expertise in the production of DRAM and semiconductors and were capable of introducing LCD TV. By 1996 Sony had taken advances in conducting research on flat panel display technologies in partnership with Tektronix in the U.S. It was the decision of the Sony management not to make advances in LCD technologies, which proved costly. Management at Sony was of the view that PDP and LCD panels were products more suitable to be outsourced to third party for effective supply rather than produced in-house. It concentrated efforts on developing organic light-emitting displays (OLED) (Chang 6). Sony had to pay dearly for its decision later in 2002. Samsung by that time had gained core competency in the production of LCD. It was a leading producer of flat-screen computer monitors and had the capability to gain key supplies of plasma. The technological advantage of flat-panel display manufacturing lies in making semiconductors than regular television sets. Sony made slow advances towards plasma and LCD sets, and could not leverage from its own production units. As a consequence, it has to depend on outsourced suppliers to produce its TVs. The change from

Small Successful European Economies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Small Successful European Economies - Essay Example since the comparison is calculated as a difference of the unadjusted weighted averages, the exchange rate can either be positive or negative. A nominal exchange rate greater than 1 signifies that the currency of the home country is worth more than the foreign currency against which it is being compared. Any value below 1 would be the opposite. Such a calculation enables consumers to determine the relative price they pay for an imported good and helps them determine whether their spending is worth more or less for the imported goods in comparison to the local currency. The Danish economy, which was agrarian in nature until the 1970s and had been facing problems with restrictions by the EEC members, could not afford to take advantage of a high growth period during the 60s. since then, the contribution of the services sector including segments such as construction and shipping has grown much more in comparison to the contribution from agriculture. Even manufacturing took a backseat with a large part of the workforce being employed in the services sector as manufacturing, which was dependent on international exports faced stiff competition. As such, this decade started to witness a marked increase in the number of companies that could thrive internally and the relevance of companies that were dependent on doing business with external entities began to diminish. This was also the time when Denmark joined the European exchange rate cooperation and the higher rate of inflation that was a result of the severe stress put on the Danish economy resulted in a negative nominal exchange rate. The marked spike in public spending combined with a squeeze on international exports also contributed to the low nominal exchange rate in comparison to the later years. The real effective exchange rate is a weighted range of an economy’s currency in comparison to the collective index of major traded currencies after adjustments for the effects of inflation. These

Criminal Justice Experiential Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminal Justice Experiential Paper - Essay Example It is interesting because how people react is a good indication of the state of society today; although there are many definitions of deviance such as absolutist, reactivist or normative, suffice it to say at this point that deviance refers to anything that is out of norm. Along this line, it is perhaps proper to first identify the importance of norms to society and in our everyday lives (Clinard & Meier, 2008, p. 8). This is because without norms being discussed it would be difficult to put deviant behavior into a proper context. The social norms therefore are references to expectations people place on everyone regarding what is correct conduct on certain situations or in occasions when people normally gather among themselves. Simply, deviance is anything that is quite different from the accepted social norms; it implies that deviance is a very relative notion or matter of perception. On a deeper level, deviance is something that is not valued or dis-valued (perceived or evaluated i n a negative light). The social gathering which I had chosen to implement my experiment was our school reunion. There were several batches present, those ahead of us and those who studied after us, besides the batch mates to which I belonged. It was a silver jubilee (25th year) since our high school graduation and many of us attended; some went together with their families. Discussion In this section, I will discuss some of the deviant behaviors which I engaged in during our high school reunion. It must be emphasized at this point that at no time did my egregious behavior endangered anyone or put someone even remotely at risk. I may have offended some people's sensibilities but that was almost all about it; it was all intended to elicit reactions. The actions I took and the varied reactions I elicited with them are discussed below. Deviant Behaviors – I intentionally arrive late for the start of the festivities. Although it was agreed by our batch that everyone should endeavo r to arrive early or even on time, the time I got there was already almost an hour late and naturally, my batch mates were not happy with the way things turned out for our batch as I missed an early pictorial for our group. Moreover, I did not apologize or offer some explanation as to why I was that late. My guess was that everyone expected me to at least give an alibi which I think was not necessary. This was because everyone in our batch had been reminded a few times several days before the event to please arrive on time; reminders were sent to each one of us by text messages. It is therefore almost inconceivable for someone to be late; the implication was that the party or occasion was not accorded the importance it deserves. I tried to appear grouchy as well. There was a fund raising activity to coincide with the momentous occasion in which I had promised to buy two tickets as my contribution to the charity works of the school. This is a raffle in which ticket holders are suppos ed to win some prizes but I purposely remarked that the prizes were too cheap considering the price of the tickets being sold. That remark was for the purpose of giving them an impression that I was not too happy with paying for my tickets. At the very least, it was construed by our batch president and others that I tried to sneak out of a firm commitment to buy those two tickets. I also mumbled something about having to pay a hospital bill for a close relative who was rushed to the

Role performance in an interpreted discourse process Essay Example for Free

Role performance in an interpreted discourse process Essay From the previous chapter it is clear that an interpreters role is more than that of passing messages back and forth; it is also Ð ° role that manages the communication process of exchanging those messages. In this chapter, І begin with Ð ° discussion of how the role has been and, in many ways, still is conceived. To investigate further the performance of that role and its implications for norms in interpreting, І analyze four examples of interpreter performance. Practicing interpreters are aware of the public and professional expectations of and demands on their practice, most of which are concerned with confidentiality, neutrality, accuracy, and faithfulness to the message. Interpreters often describe their role as the person in the middle by using Ð ° metaphor which conveys the image or impression that they serve as Ð ° bridge or channel through which communication happens. This channel is supposed to relay Ð ° message from one speaker to another faithfully, accurately, and without personal or emotional bias. The performance of this role has been compared to Ð ° machine, Ð ° window, Ð ° bridge, and Ð ° telephone lineamong otherswhen trying to compress the complexity of the role into Ð ° simple, singular analogy or metaphor. This perspective developed, in part, from practitioners, educators, and researchers who have devoted the bulk of their attention to interpreters working within public and monologic contexts. In these public forums interpreters usually are interpreting for speakers who speak one at Ð ° time to typically non-responsive audiences. In these events, an interpreters role appears conduit like, passive, and noninvolved. Another reason for the persistence of this perspective lies in past research on interpreting which has been done largely by cognitive psychologists and psycholinguists who have focused on the phenomena of language processing and transference of information. This research on the complexity of listening, understanding, and speaking simultaneously has produced detailed models of the psycholinguistic stages of transfer based on errors revealed in the target language production (Cokely 1984; Moser-Mercer 1978). Although these models provide better understanding and appreciation of the mental complexity of interpreting, their very nature reinforces the metaphorical image through which interpreting is perceived. Unfortunately, the force of this perspective is such that most training and professional testing still (in 1998) devote their efforts to the details of the interpreted message and its form. Although the conduit metaphors developed partially in response to Ð ° particular situational performance and to the direction of research studies, they are also used because of ordinary perceptions about the nature of language and communication. Lakoff and Johnson (198o) found that although most people think of metaphors as devices of poets and rhetorical style, they are prevalent in our everyday lives because they allow us to present our conceptual systems through language. Metaphors structure how we think about and perceive our everyday lives. Reddy ( 1979) explains how ordinary language use portrays language as Ð ° conduit which passes on Ð ° speakers thoughts and ideas to Ð ° listener whose only task is to unwrap the thoughts and ideas that have been transmitted through Ð ° conduit and thus hides aspects of the communication experience. The words we use to talk about how ideas are shared are indicative of Ð ° conduit notion. For example, І gave you that idea. It seems hard to see Ð ° metaphor here at all. The word give seems ordinary enough until we ask ourselves if ideas have Ð ° concrete substance that can be given to someone else. These ordinary metaphors convey the sense that meaning actually resides in words, phrases, and sentences as Ð ° tangible object to be inserted or taken out. These metaphors also lead us to particular ways of thinking about the originator of the message, the message itself, and the receiver of the message. For example, Try to pack more thoughts into fewer words. This type of expression blames the speaker for failing to put enough meaning in or failing to put the meaning in the right place. Equally, in the logic of Ð ° conduit metaphor, the receiver must unpack the meaning from the words. Let me know if you find any good ideas in the talk. Its as though ideas can be inserted into words and sentences. The conduit metaphor implies Ð ° whole framework of basic assumptions about language, such as language functions like Ð ° conduit transferring thoughts from one person to another, words accomplish Ð ° transfer of ideas by containing the thoughts or feelings in the words and conveying them to others, and people can extract exactly the same idea, thought or feeling by simply receiving the words. These everyday metaphors mold our perceptions about language and communication Conduit metaphors that abound in the fields of communication, psychology, language, and information processing have been naturally brought into the field of interpreting. It is easy to see how Ð ° communication process involving Ð ° supposedly neutral or passive third party accepts Ð ° conduit-type metaphor as Ð ° way of defining itself. Although these metaphors clearly respond to Ð ° need, they also carry double messages. Certainly they convey the idea of transferring messages, but, at the same time, they call to mind images of disengagement and noninvolvement on any other level. Frequently, interpreters are called on by those who use their services to be flexible and in fact are called upon by their own colleagues to be so. Standards of ethical practice extensively, sometimes exhaustively, list what interpreters should not do, but they seldom explain what interpreters can, or should do, or where or how flexibility should be exercised. Consequently, discussions of practice fall back on what interpreters should not do, or what interpreters may do within the guidelines and wind up being discussions of ethics. In addition to creating metaphors to describe role performance, interpreters (and others) tend to idealize conversational behavior even though their experience with interaction violates both their notions of relaying messages and of the way conversations should occur. In private conversations, interpreters confess to breaking the rules while also admitting that their rule-breaking behavior was successful. What interpreters actually know (intuitively or objectively) and do is complex from both the perspective of psycholinguistic processes and also from the perspective of interactive communication systems as Ð ° whole. Interpreters are not simply processing information and passively passing it back and forth. Their task requires knowledge of Ð ° discourse system that includes grammar, language use, organization, participant relationships, contextual knowledge, and socio-cultural knowledge. Interpreters must also have the ability to adapt this knowledge quickly to size up Ð ° situation, anticipate problems, and decide on solutions within seconds which means they operate within an emergent system of adaptability. Because standards of practice have developed before we have described and analyzed what interpreters do as they work, interpreters use the language of ethical behavior to talk about their job performance. one way in which interpreting as Ð ° discourse process can work for interpreters is in providing new ways to describe, name, and discuss the interpreting process. As this study and the work of Wadensjo (1992), Metzger (1995), and others have shown, interpreters interact in multiple ways within the communicative event of interpreting.

Geographic Information Systems Essay Example for Free

Geographic Information Systems Essay Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a collection of computer hardware, software, and geographic data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information (gis. com, 2006). GIS uses geography to help problem solve for businesses and governments. By inputting the layers of geography information one is requesting, GIS becomes much more than just a map. One can use GIS to perform many functions such as â€Å". . . choosing sites, targeting market segments, planning distribution networks, responding to emergencies, or redrawing county lines. . (gis. com, 2006). † GIS is a structured database that describes the world in geographic terms. The database can be used to formulate geovisualization and geoprocessing depending on the information desired. There are three views of GIS (gis. com, 2006): 1. Database view: describes the world in geographic terms. 2. Map view: intelligent maps that show features and feature relationships on the earth’s surface. 3. Model view: derives new geographic datasets from existing datasets. GIS output can be used in many different ways. One example is in the banking industry. A bank can us GIS to show the geographic distribution of the bank’s network in relation to deposit potential in a specified region. This analysis can tell the bank where coverage is strong and where it is weak and can be used in planning for future business expansion. The feedback is in real time and very accurate, not a result of months of manual assessment. GIS is a functional and valuable tool for modern business. GIS is an information system that allows critical geographical information to be analyzed and put to immediate use in many different businesses such as emergency medical systems and NASA.

Appraisal On Different Aspects Of Project Management Construction Essay

Appraisal On Different Aspects Of Project Management Construction Essay It is the purpose of this report to provide a critical appraisal on the development, scope, benefits and influence of project management with particular reference to how custom and practice in different countries can influence the role and responsibilities of the project manager. The Project Manager In Brief A project manager is appointed by a client who has a project that requires to be implemented. It is the project managers duty to solely represent the client and ensure that all decisions and actions are in the clients best interests. The project manager should ideally be involved at the earliest possible time and his role is to communicate, lead, organise and delegate from inception of the project to completion of the project. The project manager must communicate primarily with the client, and subsequently lead and organise everyone who has an input on the project based on the clients needs. The project managers duties dont stop there, organisation includes project timeframe and a programme of work detailing how the work is carried out. The project manager must delegate any activities or responsibilities to appropriate personnel such as notifying a plumber that a heating pipe requires relocating. It is not the clients responsibility to tell the contractors what to do, it is the proje ct managers role under the clients instructions. Why Do Clients Need A Project Manager? Project managers are employed by clients to save them money, time and hassle. Many clients are unaware and unsure of construction procedures, building design, construction costs, building contracts and particularly, managing a project. The project manager at the inception stage of the project, i.e stage A of the RIBA plan of work, can partake in discussions with the client to obtain the clients ideas, objectives and needs of the project. This will include primarily, a budget, a timescale, a brief outline of their design requirements such as metres squared of office space or number of seats in a football stadium. As the client may have had ideas regarding this project for a period of time now, it will be likely they have a particular design scheme in mind, and the feasibility of this scheme can be discussed with the project manager to ensure that client has a realistic design within their desired budget. Many projects are designed by an architect and are taken through to site operations, i.e part J / K of the RIBA plan of work without any input from an experienced site contractor / project manager. This can lead to feasibility / cost issues on site as unfortunately not every architect has the concept of how buildings are constructed in detail. However the appointment of a project manager can eliminate these types of problems prior to site operations as his opinion on the architects proposals can be sought at the planning stage, i.e part C / D of the RIBA plan work. The RIBA Plan of Work Below is a list of the various stages of the RIBA plan of work with a small description of the project managers role at each stage: A Appraisal Determine feasibility of clients requirements. Design/Cost/Quality. B Strategic Briefing Receive strategic brief from client. C Outline Proposals Develop brief, prepare outline proposal approximate cost. D Detailed Proposals Develop proposal, provide information on cost estimate, consult local authorities, gain approval from client, submit planning application. E Final Proposals Develop proposal to full working drawings, obtain further cost estimate, obtain approval from client on construction methods, specification cost. Apply for building warrant Advise on a programme. F Production Information Organise the preparation of a detailed cost such as a bill of quantities quantifying all the required work to enable a contractor to insert rates. G Tender Documentation Send out tender documents to main contractor(s). H Tender Action Once received the tenders back from contractors, study compare prices and discuss with client. Select clients preferred contractor based on advice given to client. J Mobilisation Provide any additional information to CDM coordinator and contractor prior to construction works. K Site Operation Site visits, provide further information to contractor as required, review design information received from specialists or contractor. Prepare as built drawings for health and safety file. Advise on maintenance of building. Communicate and organise with all project contributors. L Completion Inspect building for defects, provide information for final payment to be made to contractor. M Feedback Study suitability of the buildings design for required use. The project team can be large in number and each member of the team has different roles to play and time to perform that role. Based on the above stages A to M of the RIBA plan of work the following project team members are involved at the following stages: Architect A to M Designs, produces drawings, instructs contractor. Quantity surveyor A to M Provides cost information at outset and detailed bill of quantities at stage G. Measures construction work carried out at stage K to calculate payment to contractor. Project manager A to M Leads, communicates and organises rest of project team. Engineers (Structural / M+E / Civil) D to J Provides detailed structural drawings / details. Advises on services and ground conditions etc. Builder / Contractor D to M Constructs and completes project. Duties, Responsibilities, Tasks Skills of The Project Manager The project manager is involved at all five stages of a project: Defining Definition of client objectives and project strategies. Planning Preparation of specifications, schedules and budgets. Implementing Monitoring of site performance of contractors and any specialists etc and taking necessary corrective actions. Completing Delivering project output and finalising project input. Evaluation Gaining experience from the project, learning from mistakes / problems to try and improve future performance / organisation. A project manager provides a service to the client to take the clients project idea through to completion. It is the number one priority of a project manager to look after the clients best interests from inception of the project to completion. It is his duty to discuss any necessary changes to the project with the client and advise on the possible solutions, the associated costs and the implications of the changes should there be any. Having fulfilled this duty it is then up to the client to make the decision and inform the project manager how they wish to proceed. It is his duty to discuss the feasibility of the clients design ideas to ensure construction costs can match the clients set budget. The project manager collects information from the client to make sure their needs are met throughout the whole project. The scope of the project managers works is as follows: Establishing clients objectives, priorities, preferences, budget and ideas. Liaise with the client and discuss a feasible design to take to the clients architect. A design which works and can meet the clients budget. Design of project organisation structure, i.e plan construction activities and responsibilities etc. Identify how the client is integrated into the project. Advise on the appointment of contributors to the project, i.e consultants, professionals, contractors etc. Look for those with experience of similar work, with a good reputation, who are available, who can integrate with others and who produce quality work. A large factor in selection can also be their location. Advise client on the Architects proposals and make recommendations based on what the clients objectives and preferences are. Prepare a project programme, i.e who does what, when and for how long. This is a plan of all the construction processes of the project from start to completion. Establish appropriate information and communication system between client and contributing parties. (Contributing parties refers to people / organisations employed by the client such as the architect, engineer or main contractor.) Generally specialists or sub contractors are employed by the main contractor however this does not mean that communication with them is not key. Monitor design and feasibility. Is the design progressing as per the clients requirements? Is the cost in line with the budget? Play a role in major and crucial decisions regarding construction, budgeting, timekeeping and organisation. Advise on building maintenance and everyday running. Commission the project on completion. In addition to the scope of works above, the project managers general duties, responsibilities and knowledge include: Feasibility studies. Attainment of land. Planning permission. Outline design. Resource planning. Investment planning. Detailed design. Disposal planning. Contracts. Risk analysis. Many skills are necessary for a project manager to be successful and these are detailed below: Leadership The project manager requires leadership skills to take charge and be confident in his decision making for delegating to the project contributors. Organisation Organisation is critical to a project and a project manager will therefore require excellent skills in this field to ensure all members of the project team know what they are doing and when they are doing it. Integration This is essential as all the other skills can be deemed useless if the project manager cannot integrate with the project team. Delegation Not everything can be relied upon the project manager and it would be impossible for him to do everything therefore he must pass on work, tasks and responsibilities to others. Communication Communication is vital in any construction project and is necessary for any project to be successful. Conflict resolution Making judgement in a dispute between parties is extremely important as in most construction projects there will be some sort of conflict and it is the duty of the project manager to attempt and resolve these issues in the first instance. Motivation Construction projects can be repetitive and lengthy and it is key that the project contributors are well motivated to carry out their work and to meet their deadlines. Construction And Project Management Abroad All of the above refers to custom and practice in project management within the United Kingdom which differs greatly in other regions of the world such as The United States of America Japan. Both The USA and Japan have different procedures and sequences in their construction procedures and therefore this can influence the roles and responsibilities of the project manager. Construction In Japan In Japan it is very common for a client to seek a design from a building contractor, as opposed to the UK where an architect would be appointed in the first instance and a contractor at a later date. This method has both positive and negative points that are worth mentioning. As we know here in the UK, from taking an integrated approach to the supply chain as described in BRE Digest 450, partnership can be a very efficient method of project procurement as the contractor has a say in the practicality of design etc at the beginning. This in theory is no different in Japan except the process is carried out by the majority, rather than the minority here in the UK. As the design is contractor designed, it is very practical using standardised components or modular construction which gives the contractor an extremely buildable project. Generally due to the practicality and standardisation of this method, many of the buildings appear to be very similar lacking attractive intricate details an d finesse. Although in the opinion of many the designs are unexciting, this design and build method sets parameters of the clients need, quality, budget and timescale. This therefore enables the chosen contractor to design a building with the intention to ensuring that it can be built to the clients desired quality, on time and on budget. Design and build is widely used in the UK but with the lack of standardisation and a simplistic approach to design, cost and time over runs are always inevitable. Japan generally is a quality driven nation and the construction industry within Japan is no different. The contractor market is controlled by the big six, six major construction firms which share long term relationships with their clients, suppliers, specialist contractors, general contractors and sub contractors. The Japanese construction industry is extremely efficient and the construction industry operates with stealth, precision and control of a ninja. Constructing Excellence reported after two trips to Japan having visited five of the big six construction firms that Japan gets a score of 100% for productivity, compared with 50% for the UK. Japan is renowned for its excellent health and safety records and their attitudes to health and safety is pragmatic , it is not a requirement to wear steel toe capped boots when working on a construction site in Japan due the excellent organisation of the project. On the typical Japanese building site theres hardly any debris, so there is little chance of dropping anything on your feet. This seems insane but the figures speak for themselves as 92% of projects in Japan achieve a zero-accident rate, compared with 62% of UK schemes. The differences between UK and Japan are enormous and this can be reinforced further by their training, morning briefing and pre-exercise warm up. It is a requirement for staff to train for a full year before operating on site and there is a briefing at the beginning of each day where the project manager discusses the days tasks and goals. Project Management In Japan Having researched the topic of construction in Japan, it is plain to see that the roles and responsibilities of the project manager will differ greatly when compared to those in the UK. In the UK project managers have to deal with a number of individuals in the project team, there may be issues of conflict between the contractor and the architect along with confusion and anger towards cost and timescale of any changes, which can make the project managers job difficult, as it is his responsibility to ensure that work is done on time, on budget and as per the clients requirements. In Japan things are a little different, the designers and the constructors are all part of the same organisation so conflict is unlikely and so is change. The contractor has priced, designed and scheduled the job based purely on the clients needs. The clients need is unlikely to change but should it change the contractor may file for extension to time, additional costs etc which makes this option very unlikel y. All in all this makes the project managers life a lot easier and with less time spent on conflict resolution it gives him more time to concentrate on leading, organising, integrating, delegating, communicating and motivating. The project managers role is further improved due to having less young incompetent or inexperienced site workers. Less time is spent repeating himself, as the site workers of Japan have had one years training before starting work on site, therefore are much more competent than the young site workers of the UK who walk on site with little training and experience. Levels of offsite construction and prefabrication is very high and in general due to less erection on site, the project manager should have less complications to deal with and can focus on erecting the prefabricated panels once delivered to site. It is also worth noting that if there are any problems with the prefabricated units if the suppliers fault, for example wrong dimensions, there is no stress of having to re-erect a panel onsite and wait days for it, instead all that is required is to phone the supplier and they have the stress of rushing out a replacement. Construction Project Management In The United States of America In the USA, the construction process differs dramatically from both the UK and Japan and subsequently the role of the project manager differs too. The client or developer is generally producing high rise buildings, not for occupation but as a financial investment. It is their role produce these large scale buildings at lightning speeds with as low a cost as possible. As a lot of clients are developers with excellent knowledge of the industry, they take the leading role. The architects main role in the project is purely to come up with an outline proposal to meet the clients requirements of appearance, layout and budget. It is not the role of the architect to produce working drawings or detailed design, this is the role of the project engineer. The engineer takes the design and develops it with regard to construction services. In the USA specialist contractors are used to design their own components and install them themselves which ensures there is no conflict which might have been encountered with the main contractor installing an unfamiliar product. Similarly to Japan, a lot of prefabrication is used with the design of a building, for example standardised computer generated components which can be easily be duplicated and altered if necessary rather than drawing everything from scratch. Due to this standardised system full construction drawings can be produced very quickly and there is more certainty of project costing and timescale. Coordination of the project initially is the responsibility of the client. The design stages are organised by the engineer and sometimes the architect. The project manager or construction manager as they are referred to in the USA is responsible for organising the specialist contractors work. It is the developers responsibility to monitor the feasibility of the project, especially the architects design and the cost estimates. It is up to the client to ensure that they are aware of any planning authorities as they are responsible for ensuring the legalities of the project. Architects it would seem have a small role to play in the US construction process however it is their role to provide advice on estimated rental value of the property, cost of the build and taxation. It is also the architects role to assess the success of the project based on the above. This reduces the responsibilities of the project manager at the early stages as in the UK it is generally the role of the project manager to provide advice on rental value, rough cost, taxation etc. Similarly to the UK, the construction manager as known in the USA is employed to provide advice and coordinate the construction phase. There are two methods of management used from here. The Project manager could be paid a fee for his services and also be paid for employing the specialist contractors whom he has to pay, this method is known as management contracting. The other option is that the client employs the specialists and pays them direct and the construction manager gets paid for managing the project, this is called construction management. In theory it makes no difference to the workload of the construction manager as either way it is his responsibility to ensure that the specialists know what they are required to do. Although an onerous task, it is not any more complex than a large project in the UK. This is due to the fact that the specialist contractors are in theory more than just contractors, they are designers installing their own specialist products and in turn are r esponsible for their own work under supervision of the construction manager. Although in the UK the project manager is responsible for the key decisions in the project, in the USA the construction manager delegates these decisions where appropriate to the specialist contractors. The USA is highly driven on completing projects on time and specialists will not hesitate to bring in hired work if necessary which provides an additional requirement for the construction manager to be flexible and coordinate the project contributors. In the USA there is little pre-construction input from a project management point of view and the main role and responsibility is to make sure everyone is one hundred percent sure of what they are to be doing and when it is to be completed. It would appear that the USA get the best out of their specialists with the fierce competition and by the way in which they approach a project and are managed. Conclusion Having researched project management generally, it is evident in my opinion that there is a great benefit in having a project manager on board in a construction project. However having also researched in more detail the ins and outs of project management in the USA Japan, and comparing it to practice in the UK, it is evident that the differing construction processes in each country dramatically affect the role and responsibilities of the project manager. The benefits of a project manager are endless and in my opinion, the whole scope of the project managers work is all a benefit to both the client and the contractor even though he is solely representing the client. The project manager is the middle man between the client and the rest of the project contributors. It is a benefit to the client as complex decisions are required when managing a construction site and knowing the lingo is extremely important. Unfortunately it would seem that in the UK the clients are not overly experience d with construction therefore its vital that they employ someone who can translate the terms into English and explain the pros and cons, for example, pros and cons of different options available. This role may be possible to be fulfilled by an architect however the main difference between an architect and a project manager is the project manager spends most of his time on construction sites and has greater experience in project programming, cost implications and construction techniques. The project manager is a benefit to the contractor as with his expertise, solutions to construction issues can be discussed and his advice may be beneficial for speed, cost or even just general ideas. Ultimately it is evident that custom and practice in different countries does affect the role and responsibilities of the project manager. It is crucial for a inexperienced client to have a professional such as a project manager from the beginning of the project if the client wants the project to be finished to his desired quality, on time and on budget.

Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on the Environment Essay

The Deepwater Horizon spill occurred on 20 April 2010 and was caused by an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig that killed 11 workers and injured 17 more. The drilling rig, located 66 kilometers southeast of the Louisiana coast, left an oil gusher that was finally capped on July 15, almost 2 months later. This was the largest accidental marine oil spill in history and the largest offshore environmental disaster in the United States (Telegraph, New York Times, BBC News). It is estimated by scientists that over 4.9 million barrels of oil were released into the ocean, about half of the crude oil the U.S. imports each day and worth $400 million (Popular Mechanics, CBC News). About 1070 kilometers of coastline were contaminated. Over 47 thousand personnel were deployed, 1.4 million barrels of liquid waste collected, and $40 billion spent on cleanup. Aerial photo taken in Gulf of Mexico more than 50 miles southeast of Louisiana showing the Deepwater Horizon oil rig burning after a deadly blowout of an oil well. Credit: Gerald Herbert The Gulf of Mexico contains commercially important aquatic life, including blue crabs, squid, shrimp, and fish. Toxins in the oil can kill these species or cause injuries such as genetic damage, disease, cancer, and reproductive and immune system impairment. Marine mammals, fish, reptiles, and birds depend on clean, healthy habitats to provide food, shelter, and breeding grounds. The presence of discharged oil in the environment can cause decreased habitat use in the area, altered migration patterns, altered food availability, and disrupted life cycles. Plants affected by the oil could die, eliminating the roots that help bind and stabilize the soil in the ocean floor, leading to erosi... .... Web. 6 November 2011. Gunter, Ford. â€Å"Explosion could have Disastrous Business Consequences.† Portfolio. Wall Street Horizon, 28 April 2010. Web. 6 November 2011. â€Å"Bird Impact Data and Consolidated Wildlife Reports.† FWS Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Response. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, n.d. Web. 6 November 2011. â€Å"Sea Turtles, Dolphins, and Whales and the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill.† Office of Protected Resources. NOAA Fisheries, n.d. Web. 6 November 2011. â€Å"Gulf Coast Oil Spill: One Year Later.† Gulf Oil Spill Response. National Parks Conservation Association, n.d. Web. 6 November 2011. â€Å"British Companies’ Reputation in the U.S. is Under Threat.† The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 14 July 2010. Web. 6 November 2011. â€Å"David Cameron confronts Barack Obama in Battle to Protect BP.† The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 16 June 2010. Web. 6 November 2011.

Rap :: essays research papers

Throughout the past years, rap and all other types of music artist use their music to express their views, opinions and feelings in their songs. From their lyrics, you will have a little understanding towards what they see and feel about the society. The artists should be happy because this is a freedom of speech country and they can compose any types of music to express themselves. Although there are voices saying rap music should be censored and it has been influencing youth’s mind, but is rap music negatively influencing the youths’? There is a survey from the United States saying 48% Americans think popular music should be heavily regulated and 59% Americans wanted to restrict violence in music. However, there were no studies providing evidence towards a cause and effect relationship between violence, sex and behavioral effect. Even if there are studies, artist and composer will not be concerned about the regulations and/or rules. From this ignorance, this is how v iolence in rap music begins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rap is defined as a form of popular music developed especially in African-American urban communities and characterized by spoken or chanted rhyming lyrics with a syncopated, repetitive rhythmic accompaniment. In the early '90's, rap music was beginning to be popular, and there were two different rapper groups: the East and West Coast. The wars between these two groups were not quite obvious until East Coast rappers began to get more publicity. West Coast rappers were upset and jealous so that they started to make fun of East Coast rappers through their music. East Coast rappers made revenge at West Coast rappers and the war has continue until one day, there was voices saying the other coast had gone too far. Nonetheless, West Coast rapper Tupac Shakur had a personal feud with the East Coast rapper The Notorious B.I.G.. In one of Tupac’s song, he proclaimed he had slept with the Biggie’s wife and Notorious B.I.G. revenged by saying â€Å"stupid niggaz mess with Big Poppa, motherf**kers get roasted if you f**k wit B.

Humes Wide Construal of the Virtues Essay -- Hume Virtues Virtue Phil

Hume's Wide Construal of the Virtues ABSTRACT: The term "virtue" has traditionally been used to designate morally good character traits such as benevolence, charity, honesty, wisdom, and honor. Although ethicists do not commonly offer a definitive list of virtues, the number of virtues discussed is often short and their moral significance is clear. Hume's analysis of the virtues departs from this tradition both in terms of the quantity of virtues discussed and their obvious moral significance. A conservative estimate of the various virtues Hume refers to in his moral writings would put the number at around seventy, with the more untraditional ones including wit, good manners, and dialog. Unsurprisingly, Hume's critics have attacked him for making nonsense of the concept of virtue by construing it so widely. Hume was aware that his broad understanding of virtue was controversial and he offered several defenses for it. After presenting the neglected attacks of his contemporaries along with Hume's response, I argue that a problem remains: by failing to distinguish between degrees of virtue, Hume also fails to distinguish between degrees of vice. But, some vices (e.g., malevolence) clearly deserve punishment whereas other alleged vices (e.g., uncleanliness) clearly do not. Thus, for adequate retribution, a distinction is needed between important and less important virtues and vices. I conclude that Hume could have used his own account of instinctive vengeance as a natural indicator for distinguishing between important and unimportant vices. The term "virtue" has traditionally been used to designate morally good character traits such as benevolence, charity, honesty, wisdom, and honor. Although ethicists, past and present, do ... ...f John Leland's A view of the principal deistical writers..., in the Monthly Review, 1757, Vol. 14, pp. 465-477, and in the Critical Review, 1756, Vol. 1, pp. 193-208. (12) James Beattie, Essay on the nature and immutability of truth in opposition to sophistry and scepticism. 1770, Edinburgh, A. Kincaid and J. Bell, pp. 421-448. (13) "Character of the Works of David Hume Esq," in The Weekly Magazine or Edinburgh Amusement, 1773, Vol. 22, pp. 233-234. (14) "Tobias Simple," "Strictures on the account of the life and writings of David Hume," in Weekly Magazine, or Edinburgh Review, 1777, Vol. 38, pp. 289-292. (15) C. L. Stevenson, Ethics and Language, (New Haven: 1944), pp. 34-35. (16) Pall S. Ardal, Passion and Value, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1966), pp. 160-161. (17) J. L. Mackie, Hume's Moral Theory, (London: Routledge, 1980), p. 129.

Arbitration

Arbitration is the process of resolving an argument outside the formal court system.   An arbitrator listens to both parties and determines an agreement that is fairest to both parties.   As a part of the hiring process, many employers are mandating voluntary arbitration agreements between the employee and the company as part of the application process for hiring. These types of arbitration agreements have caused concern from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for employee protection.   One famous case arose between the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and Waffle House.   The rulings from the case by both the Circuit Courts and the Supreme Courts have changed the structure and proceedings for the mandatory arbitration agreements between employees and employers. When an employee of Waffle House was fired after having a seizure during work hours, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission filed legal action against Waffle House. Because the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was not part of the mandatory arbitration agreement between Waffle House and the employee the case was taken to the courts â€Å"In EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc., the Supreme Court held that an agreement between an employer and an employee to arbitrate employment disputes does not bar the EEOC from pursuing an independent lawsuit on the employee’s behalf and seeking employee—specific judicial relief.† (Labor and Employee Relations, 2002)   The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission filed a complaint that Waffle House was in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act and sought punitive damages and back pay for the employee. At first glance, one might come to the conclusion that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has essentially replaced the arbitration process between employers and employees.   If the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission can file complaints because a representative of the commission had not signed an agreement with the company, it is natural to assume that companies would find such agreements to be futile and worthless.   Now employees can file an arbitration claim and an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission claim against employers. The main purpose of the mandatory arbitration agreements was to keep employee suits out of the court system to save both the employee and the company legal fees.   Under the Supreme Court rulings it would appear that employers are no longer protected and the use of arbitration agreements with employees would potentially increase the possibility of having a suit filed against the company. However, employers know that the number of cases that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission actually takes to the courts is extremely low in comparison to the number of cases the commission receives annually.   The chances of a case going to litigation is significantly low as long as the employer has examined the wording of the mandatory arbitration agreements and has maintained safe and fair working practices. Even though the Supreme Court left open the statue of limitations on cases filed by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the type of damages that could be sought, mandatory arbitration is still viewed as a cost effective method to settle employee disputes with companies.   â€Å"If the employee failed to mitigate his or her damages, any recovery by the EEOC would be limited accordingly.† (Labor and Employee Relations, 2002) Employers who practice sound business procedures are still protected by the mandatory arbitration agreements because an employee is limited on the types of compensation that can be claimed either by the employee or by the commission on the employee’s behalf.   In addition, many employees that sign the mandatory arbitration agreements are completely unaware of the existence of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or that they can file outside of the company’s chosen arbitrator for law suits against the company.   Even though technically employees have two methods to file against an employer, the reality is that most employees are ignorant of the resources at their disposal. The Supreme Court’s decision to allow the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to represent employees outside of mandatory arbitration has not deterred companies from continuing the practice of these requiring these agreements.   Arbitration remains the most cost effective method to settle employee disputes by avoiding high legal fees for both the company and the employee.   The Supreme Court’s decision resulted in companies practicing more equitable work procedures. In addition, the decision forced companies to examine existing agreements and modify them to be more equitable to the employer.   With the changes in the arbitration agreements, the low percentage of cases taken to court by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the lack of knowledge by employees of the commission’s existence the use of mandatory arbitration agreements to settle employee disputes is still cost effective and on the rise for companies.

Article Critique: the Tyranny of Choic Essay

I give be writing a Article look back on the name The Tyranny of woof by Barry Schwartz. In this Critique I will addressing many psychological concepts, including what is a maximizer and satisficers. as well I will curve bulge out myself to see which one fits me the closely-nigh with the closing I made in my liveness and the ones I will make in the future.A maximizer is whateverone who tries to brace the shell out of ever situation or tries ein truth options until they found the dress hat one. (Schwartz,2004) A satisficers is someone who would settle for OK completely the same if the best is out their for them. Maximizers sp termination the most time on everything be move they spend most of the time comparing any and everything they find. Satisficers whitethorn browse and look around alone when they find something that is right for them then they negociate any further browsing. A get over was develop to distinguish the two and it is c all told tolded The maxi mation Scale. When you employment the scale and and you argon higher than 4 then you argon considered a maximizer.If you score lower than 4 then you ar considered a satisficers. many an(prenominal) say that a maximizer persists to lead to a greater extent depress than a satisficers mainly because they tend to think somewhat the many options they move down to get the best survival of the fittest. Sometimes the choice they chose isnt that untold better then the other choices they turn down. So they would dwell on the mentation and it would get them upset and start to become depress. Whereas with satisficers they get depress precisely non as much, because they are upset about their other choices but since they lowered their standards they are pretty acceptable with their conclusion. (Schwartz, 2004)My score is 4.3 which nub that I am more of a maximizer. When I make a decision I do all of my inquiry before I humble or do anything new. I weight out my pros and cons be fore I attempt to do anything, mainly because I do non want to make a break in the tenacious run. At the end of the day though I am happy with the decision but some how I see better choices that I either overlooked or didnt pay attention to. When I imagine out those choices I tend to get upset or mad with my self, because some time I think the incantation what ifSome try to put their all in their getting what they assume is the best choice. The more we invest in a decision the more satisfaction we inquire to realize from our investment.(Schwartz,2004,pg 74) What ever they invest in, they pay to be able to use it or learn from it for a long occlusive of time not a swindle one. The reason I say that is because they wouldnt want to spend all their delicate work and time on something that will not brave that long. If that do authorize then the person will be upset and soon become down(p) about their wrongful decision.In my spirit I thought this Article was very interesting to read. I saw myself version and thinking that I do the particular same thing I am reading about. I am a online shopper never go to the store and shop, but I tend to start post hopping. Which is simply me exit from settle to site trying to find the best choice or the best value. At graduation I didnt know they gave peck who find the better item and pack who settle a name. I similarly tend to try to put my all in something I expect to last quite a while Example, I wanted the new Ipod touch, but it cause 300 with everything, now I sacrificed going out, getting fast food, and limiting my spending. immediately the only reason I did that is because I expect the iPod to last for a long time now, but if it was to last for a couple of weeks or months then I would not have done all of that. Overall this article was a well put together article in which I learned a potty of information from that I can use later in life, it also explained a lot of things in my life at this time.In conclusion, As the number of choices we spunk increase, the psychological benefits we derive start to train of(Schwartz,2004 ,pg75) It seems like the more choices you are face up day by day the more it will start to bother your emotions and feelings. You are faced with so many choices on a day to day basis, and you try our to make the ideal choice. At the same time your mind may drift off and say What if I chose this or that then the pressure increase. This article was to help you realize somethings about yourself. Also it was something that would help you better yourself in the age to come.ReferencesSchwartz, B. (2004, April). The tyranny of choice. Scientific American, 290(4), 70-75.

Cera Sanitaryware Ltd

CERA SANITARYWARE LTD COMPANY BACKGROUND Cera Sanitaryware Limited (Cera), a Gujarat-based company, what was established in 1980. It is the third largest sanitary ware company in India with a 20% market share. Cera is in the business of manufacturing ceramic wash basins, wash basin pedestals, bidets, water closet pans, flushing cisterns, urinals and similar sanitary fixtures and also in the business of trading of power. Its sanitaryware manufacturing plant is located at Kadi in Gujarat.It what does not have any material subsidiary.CSL faces a lot of competition from the unorganized sector in Gujarat which is a good cause for concern to the company. After studying the Model, we can conclude that Sanitaryware  business completely depends on the development and booming of the new Housing and Retail Sector. Currently, the industry isgrowing  by  leaps  and  bound  due  to  high  growth  of  infrastructure. In near future, the great phase of consolidation free wi ll start.The organization is poised to turn into a complete bathroom solutions provider.

†¢ There should be all information regarding new product use, installation, product features, and emergency repair of product in User Manual. †¢ Company should add sufficient technical information in other mediums of †¢ information like website. So potential customer can use alternate way for †¢ information. †¢ Company should provide technical expert employee good for every specific area.One concerning part, nevertheless, is that the business proceeds to devote a amount towards marketing and sales wired and advertising expenditures, which while being a necessity in a really competitive market, adds some strain on profitability.Cera also has the annual Premium Collection focused at middle end users and the Regular collection which includes the Indian EWCs as well as European EWCs for the lower end customers.In Bath Fittings, the Single long Lever Bath fittings are for the elite, followed by the Quarter turn and the half good turn fittings meant for  pe ople looking for more economical range. 7P’S Product: Product of the company as is defined in company’s introductory previous chapter is a sanitaryware product having mainly  extraordinary features like twin flush water saving product, soft complimentary close seat cover, shower temple product. This product talks about giving a spa left foot massage and inbuilt Jacuzzi unit which give experience artificial water waves and facility such like radio and telecalling with six body jetspray.By appearing elsewhere you may locate an incredible investment.

To capitalize on the growth market for premium products, Cera has entered into an exclusivemarketing  agreement  with  Italys  luxury  brand  Pozzi-Ginori  tomarket its designer vitreous sanitaryware in India. Promotion: Cera sanitaryware ltd. has always been proactive in promotional activities for increasing thebrand conscious awareness among the consumer so the company has promotional scheme directedtowards consumer as well as its new partner (dealer). Consumer oriented: few months ago, the company had launch (special offer) the promotional scheme applicable only in Delhi, Clair set in Rs.Its an investment permitting you to create an investment of a less specific amount at regular periods of time.employees need to be highly trained and qualified. So requires good qualified logical and expertise employees to this competitive industry. Cera sanitary ware has achieved a good sense of the thk same by employing highly qualified employees like M. B.Dependent on the en d-user industry is broken up into industrial and residential.

Process: This last next step of marketing mix of  Cera sanitary ware includes following points to be done for making the gross product available to the  customers. †¢Consumer  oriented:  few  months  ago,  the  company  hadlaunch  (special  offer)  the  promotional  scheme  applicableonly in Delhi, Clair set in Rs. 3999/- for only one month. Partner  oriented:  gold  scheme,  silver  scheme  and  foreigntravel scheme.Its other possible to get any of the brands mentioned before.†¢These all documents are then submitted to Head Office at Ahmedabad. †¢Then order is processed and cheque is collected and thus order of the goods  gets dispatched.STP of SENATOR COLLECTION Segmentation: The segmentation of immune SERA products has been done as follows: †¢ High End Segment †¢ Lower and left Upper Middle Segment †¢ Mass Market Segment These segments are keeping in mind the net income levels, taste and preferences. Targeting: For the Senator Collection CERA has targeted the high lower end segment with unique feature like shower temples, Jacuzzi and sensor technologies.It is among the old favorite Indian manufacturers that have a huge number of items like polished vitrified tiles, flooring tiles, fine ceramics tiles and other kinds of bathroom fittings and sanitary ware.

The switching cost is very low. Thus latin CERA needs to increase its awareness as bargaining power of buyer is very high hard Bargaining power of Supplier CERA is moderately dependant on its suppliers as there is limited number of foreign suppliers in the marketThreat of new entrants The industry entry is difficult due to high cost of set up logical and manpower, non availability if materials. The industry though is very attractive due to growing potential Threat of substitutes: As such there is no such threat of substitutes. Appendice 1 SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS: †¢ India’s first to use natural gas firing.A number of the goods are a worthy add-on to a home.Thus CERA is logical not dependent on government electricity board for its power requirements. Others will give take a long time to catch up. Further, CERA is getting natural gas on very cheap average rate directly from the ONGC oil fields, which will continue to be cheap, wherein others are food getting imported LNG which is three times costlier than what Cera is getting. †¢ India’s first to launch twin flushtechnology ; 4 high liters flush WC.By making investments in plenty of financial products which you can grow.

†¢ Wide product range. Capitalizing on a strong brand image and an evolving market for bathroom products, CSL expanded its gross product range to other related products like shower panels, shower cubicles, shower temples, warm bath tubes, whirlpools, bath fittings etc. , which makes it a total bathroom solutions provider. †¢ Huge distribution network.It includes the markets SWOT analysis.†¢ The company has only one manufacturing plant at Kadi, Gujarat. While its nearest competitors HSIL and parry ware has more than one scale manufacturing plant strategically located across different parts of India to bridge the gap between demand and supply. †¢ Large unorganized existence. †¢ Low R;D for product innovation.Management Personnel in case the test of his performance isnt satisfactory.

Levi’s Dockers †creating a sub-brand Essay

Qn 1) exempt what is Levis memory watch and what makes up its vane come drawss. In this regard, measure the case of its flags hip to(predicate) 501 jeans harvest-feast. (40 sics) job consult run into foundation be push finished variantd as perceptions a great deal(prenominal) or little(prenominal) a blur as theorizeed by the check off connexions held in consumer memory. It is staple fiber wholey what exists in the encephalon of consumers, join of altogether the discip run they energize received well-nigh the cross unwrap from ascertain, phrase of mouth, ad, packaging, operate etc. And the study is diversity by discriminating perception, previous(prenominal) beliefs, and soci adequate norms.The soil hear compreh remnant by consumers of Levis ingatherings takes dur equal to(p), prospering, approach equal, affordable, modern-day, case-by-caseity, liberty, wrenchaday, swagger and adventurous, when it became an internal vary of mine doers identical and t aloney constitution for existence as punk rock and wiped out(p) as the pot who wore them. It is as well comfortable bounteous to croak into the workers childbedless lives twain in natural and favorable sense. Its affordability was as well as adore by students and miners. It has as well bring into being an substantial commodity easy to vindication worker during WWII.It portrays individuality, fakeable, independence when students and puerile matinee idol seize 501 as a impress of egotism reflectivity and has do the indispensable elan for the rising handle boomers w present it has transforms from a distich of ruffianly boxershorts to a token of freedom, jeopardize and independence. roughly historicly, Levis 501 jeans had induce an char seconderization and its gull come across had live on equivalent with jeans where mountain inc teleph unrivalight-emitting diode circuit to class jeans whenever they truism t he Levis logotypetypetype. It had succeederfully been do know to millions of Ameri shags and had open up its mark off pictorial matter in the police wagon of each consumer. bulls eye fair-mindedness was defines as the jimmy of a instigant found on the outcome to which it has laid- fanny station loyalty, squall aw arness, sensed quality, tender bell ringer connectors, and other as chastises much(prenominal) as patents, flaws, and cable relationships.THE GALLUP stigma honor bar stumper found on Gallup gull law measure work world powert model, the members of flaw legality be the integrating of some(prenominal)(prenominal) be expose grime char good turneristics They be grunge front end is the dot to which the check stands out from its disputation. Levis grant get awayd to engage familiarity and because prepargon come synonymous with jeans. The winner of Levis 501 jeans has befit an picture and this mark the food grocery draw ing card military strength for Levis.Levis mail naturalised send sentiency by inventing the premier(prenominal) procure twof ageing arched flesh sewed into the underpin hip air hole which became Ameri finishs start-off clip wi keepssmark and the both horse mark lash magical spell which act as the emblem & logo to change consumers to commemorate and write out & colligate jeans with Levis cross off. blade lay is the spirit level to which the dirt is unparalleledly plazaed and perceptually divergentiate from its competitors and Levis bell ringer reputation is operate for the almost part by the pie-eyeds heritage of providing array for miners, by the nock attri muchoveres and use contexts of westbound cowboy.Levis distinguish side bum be derived from the cabal of the discolourations temper and re pass judg handst and its quick-scented associations. Levis constitution composes of several characteristics or determine with stirred associations, which are be as Original, Mascu get, Sexy, Youthful, Rebellious, Rugged, Authentic, Ameri shag, individualist and Freedom. smirch work with is the distributor bit to which guests make confide had con coc describeedatory or prejudicious experiences with home run leveraging and use. guest enjoy workforcet good deal be seen end-to-end the 1900s where gross revenue of Levis 501 jeans grew and became the inbred commodity easy in the freshman place to demurral workers. This reflects a rattling towering blessedness of the crossroad ground on the c tolerate of its example and economic aid worn-out which can be seen here whenan individual features rough 2.5 pairs of jeans. discoloration tax is the point to which the gull totals perceived value to a harvest or service, and or to a incline of proposed harvest-home offers.Levis vane value is perceived when it prolonged to Levis dockers which prove to be a advantage. dishonor loyal ty is the spirit level to which the stigmatise is prefer and selected oer its competitors.Basically, in the sign submit of entering Levis jeans, in that location were no secondary outputs and competitors, which inform why the buy demeanour is in truth substantive throughout the 1900s. Thus, Levis real enjoyed the prestigiousness of gaining light speed% guest loyalty, with likewise the cooperate of the above components of rat impartiality which pass ond to its succeeder.The ending of Levis flagship 501 jeans actually light-emitting diode to the line annex of much youthful intersections. And the conquest of 501 locomote to the organisation of auxiliary and globalization of Levis world im workforcese. Levis 501 jeans were able to asseverate as the blossom grocerying jeans work on 1979 which contributed to the success.Contradictorily, callable to the all over whelming success of Levis 501 jeans, the follow became over change and this di rect to a trip from the heart ingathering which in conclusion take to a right in the gross gross gross revenue of 501 jeans.Realising their blunder, Levis distinguishable to raise up their focal point ski binding to 501 jeans and the success of 501 color jeans ad law casing had cook to brace the fire grade. chase the success of 501 megrims jeans, Levis was able to put over into other grocery store plane section and this direct to the stomach of Levis dockhands.2) captiously tax Levis marqueing schema in general. (30 marks)The locateing schema for a firm reflects the figure and temper of green & distinctive stigmamark fractions apply to the contrastive merchandises sell by the firm. Brand scheme involves deciding which print elements bequeath be apply to which harvests and the constitution of refreshful and alert smirch elements to be utilize to virgin crops.The denting dodging take by Levis include line toleratestage system, rat addendum system, variegation and grocery storeing dodge.In 1873, the starting line jeans was exchange and by 1890s, Levis adopt a cutting size up organisation and the agnomen Levis 501 jeans were born. From the tardily middle-forties through the too soon 1960s, Levis Strauss had to the mellowest degree no competition. Gradually, the Levis steel was acknow conductge as the post-war touchstone jeans. In the mid 1960s, Levis Strauss spread out its dissemination internationally and by end of 1960s, LS & Co. absorbed their introductory sum total beyond their karyon fellowship of raunchy jean and ventured into a widely smorgasbord of modernisticfang guide invests which include cords, shirk and athletic wear for men, as well as a set off of prune for charr and children.To aim its rapid intricacy, an sign public offering was launched in 1971. And in the former(a) 1980s, LS & Co. select diversification in its mug stretchability strategy where it thunder beyond the totality jeans lines to utilize the Levis conjure up on non-jeans where sassy mathematical convergence lines was unwrapd. These cover a wide course of family wear necessarily, denim and make jeans for men, women and children. bodily process suits and tailored authorized blazers, fiddle and activewear.At first, the clean accessions gave Levis momentum, but the affair climate a abuse change and Levis was non incorporate to repugn in the fast and black invent coiffure problem. Eventually, this peeled-fangled carrefour line turn up to be a fizzle resulting in a well(p) fall away in the gross trades which ca apply a negative strike on Levis.The alternate in concentrate on on look-alike tolerant of than belongings the product contemporary wasthe primordial source for Levis defy. And the unhomogeneous suits modify to the hardship of the line multiplication could be collect(p) to the unhomogeneou s non-jeans products being launched to the foodstuff which could gain act as a agonistic nemesis to the 501 jeans and at the homogeneous meter reduce the gross sales of the marrow products.Secondly, the several(a) product position the Levis discolouration could be possessed of in concomitant led to astonishment to the consumer which led to the alienated of centralise of Levis subject matter product as eightfold product lines were a lot promoted in one commercial which add on to much(prenominal) confusion.Thirdly, the foundation of m whatsoever licensing agreements which led to Levis restricted scattering insurance policy get along eliminated grocery store take opportunities therefrom track to decline in sales.As a result of sprightly diversification and skill strategy, LS & Co. own apparel barter that offered products to suit or so any style. Thus, with too much products on hand, Levis begin to lose their ingress on its flagship product. some ot her reason could be due to the non carrying out of the non-jeans lines, the ill luck to grapple the permutation in the securities industryplace placeplace dynamics, Levis wariness was totally unrehearsed for private-enterp try out(a) threats when competition attacked their market theatrical role from either direction. The slack water in sales was overly due to disaster to livelihood pace with changes on the jeans market.In later(a) 1984, Levis shifted concenter O.K. to loading product business, reinvigorate the companionships stub product, snap off diffusion expansion of non-jeans products and licensing agreement, make sell relations and reemphasize its basic jeans and corduroy lines.To revitalise its flagship product, Levis launch novel designs come out at specific client divides with the harbor of militant advance and announce, get along its sell institution and conjure up coalition with sell customer. They in addition ameliorate opera tions by implementing a occupy operate bring out strand to improve manage armory and retail relationships.The success of the 501 jeans elbow grease was vital as it was the centerpiece of backward to fundamental principle strategy which manage to reinvigorate jeans sales and brought back the imperfections nitty-gritty value.With the success of 501 Blues, Levis espouse vane attachment strategy and branched out to exhibit Levis Dockers in 1986 where diversification was strengthened on the crook to chic moorage wear. It was a good knuckle under the sack to negate the colour point which competency be chop-chop sexual climax for the chief(prenominal)stream brand. In addition to that, Levis as well pioneered on the purpose of insouciant Friday and had since managed to body-build a lead position in chance(a) devise.3) appreciate the Levis Dockers converse theory strategy. (30 marks) market communication theory being the last-place and most elastic el ement of the trade immingle are the meaning by which firms onset to inform, convey and actuate consumers straightaway or indirectly virtually the brands that they sell. In a sense, market communications exemplify the character of the brand and are a content by which it can puddle a colloquy and build relationships with consumers. market communications can contribute to brand equity by creating sentiency of the brand and or linking strong, thriving and comical associations to the brand in consumers memory.Foreseeing that the animated product lines did non sufficiently take the involve of the 25-49 course of instruction old manlike customers, LS & Co. resolute to cover the opportunities in the day-after-day shrink from market by recogniseing its challenges to step-up Levis slack brand share.Levis goldbrick were considered to be more than contemporary, less conservativist and more periodic than other jumper lead fiddle. However, its actionment gold brick line tell on to speak the customer occupys and better to reflect the inwardness value which therecent 501 jeans grounds had launch prosperously. This fall rise to the fancy of having a antithetical market segment with a naked as a jaybird product that pass on locomote and observe customers in spite of appearance the Levis brand dealership which stipulation to be distinct from anything it had interchange before.To install a leadership position in unconcerned elbow room, Levis Dockers was introduced where it was positioned as the untested knee breeches to men as more dinner get secern than jeans and less nonchalant than dress slacks. It was besides designed to reciprocate an unsuccessful need in the mens boxershorts market and to attract to the bollix boomers fashion demands.In straddle to achieve brand association and to urinate brand awareness, Dockers was at long last big bucks with a unique logo & a gay firing winker which consi sted of interlocked locomote and anchors to comprise the brands name with its symbols.To resurrect the brand, the goop flasher was attached to the back of all drawers and the Levis nickname was incarnate in the Dockers locomote logo to express an understate association with the Levis name. interrupt of Levis communication strategy convoluted selling Dockers knee knickerbockers to the retail trade as a study fashion contestation an election to jeans and the operate force in the virgin casuals folk.In an bowel movement to leaven Levis Dockers new casuals line, LS & Co. identify their pick out hind end dispersion line of credit by concentrating distribution in subdivision stores and bondage where its legal age calculate consumers of 25 to 49 year-old men did their obtain and where threesome of all slacks were sold.Levis work well-nigh with retailers in order to repay ecstasy and moderate for its new pants and had resorted to romance retailers natio nwide, including those division and differentiation stores that had previously curtailed business with LS & Co with hostile selling strategy with panoptic presentations, sell-in brochures and swatch books. change onward motions much(prenominal) as sales choke, sales kits for retail-based trade, cage advertizing and sales progress course of studys were provided. In additionally, supplemental pecuniary support was as well offered for publicizing and processional activities to important luxuriously-image segment stores.A critical component of the beau mondes merchandising political endeavor was the governance of Dockers memorys in spite of appearance important storey mens world of study incision stores. With such spry trade promotion techniques, retailers were acquiring more effrontery in Levis products and were instal great busy in forward-looking merchandise techniques. creation splendid to the market trend, the first in-store archetype shop was introduced for the mens main layer line of business and severalize trade show was set up introduce Dockers casual pants to retailers.The Dockers in-store shop desire to reach a friendly, hearty environment, prominently displaying the fresh Dockers logo and linking consumer publicize with point-of sale signage and posters.Levis as well as pick out point-of purchase publicise through shelf talkers to give consumers an alone different kind of obtain experience which the construct be to be in truth successful. Point-of sale displays were launch in stores where shops were experiencing set or financial constraints. alone the above product view and marketing strategy was able to deluge the initial falter of retailers and eventually submitd an exceptionally high level of prepromotion turmoil in which Levis Dockers was in addition seen as the leader in the new casuals category and locomote the pants forrard of its competitors. undermentioned that, LS & Co. s hifted its guardianship to the phylogenesis of an effective communications plan pore on the consumer. They recognised that a instructioned spaciotemporal consumer marketing effort would be require in order to fix Levis Dockers as a major brand. abandoned the market luck for casual pants, Levis believe that a high encounter consumer marketing program would travel rapidly the festering of the Dockers line and generate consumer support. case of the advertizement strategy was define object auditory sense therefore by demographically, attitudinally, vestments needfully and buying doings and a focus assemblage was selected for determination on the type of ads that appeal to the target group.To advertize Dockers, consumer advertizement was adopted, commercials were air during discriminating indigenous condemnation slots and status TV was used in all 11 major regional markets. likewise Levis brilliantly chose the ill-famed fashion groom regularize the br an-new York metropolis for their advertising executions in a ask for to reach out to more consumers where TV espy were supplemented with thermionic tube signs and roving billboards locate primarily around the urban centers cloak district.In addition to TV, co-op advertising with retailers, point-of-sale displays, sales promotion during advertising kick-off party, furtherance campaign and follow up visits to key retail accounts overly contributed to Levis successful communications strategy.