Research Methods in Psychology

Research Methods in PsychologyMETHODS OF PSYCHOLOGYResearch in psychological science is conducted in all-encompassing accord with the standards of the scientific regularity, including both qualitative and quantitative statistical modalities to generate and evaluate explanatory hypotheses with regard to psychological phenomena. These methods vary by the sources of information that argon drawn on, how that information is sampled, and the types of instruments that argon used in selective information collection. Methods also vary by whether they collect qualitative data, quantitative data or both.American Psychological Association has laid down the following rules and regulations for researchesInformed consent ( severalize them what this research is about).There should be no harm to the subject.After the research, you must tell the subject about the deception.Types Of Research MethodsQuantitative researchQuantitative research is generally associated with the positivist / post positivis t epitome. Usually it is to gather and transform the data into digital form so that statistical calculations can be make and conclusions can be drawn.Qualitative researchQualitative research is the method commonly associated with the social constructivist epitome that emphasizes the socially constructed nature of reality. This is about recording, analyzing and trying to discover the meaning and importance of human behavior and experience, including conflicting beliefs, behaviors and deepest emotions. Researchers are interested in obtaining a rich and complex seeing of the experience of people and not in gaining information that can be generalized to larger groups.Requirement of methodological analysisAll methods used for researches should nonplus the basic three qualities, which areThey have to be standardize (it must have a certain norm).They have to be valid (a test should measure what its supposed to measure).They have to be reliable.The following are the various types of rese arch methodologiesCase History Method observational Research coefficient of correlational ResearchSurvey MethodNaturalistic ObservationCASE HISTORY METHODA case study (or case report) is a descriptive, exploratory or explanatory analysis of a person, group or event. An explanatory case study is used to explore causation in regularise to find underlying principles.Case study is also called life history/Clinical method. Case study is a gunpointed investigation of a persons certain or peculiar(a) behavior. Case study research excels at bringing us to an understanding of a complex issue or heading and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case study is a descriptive method and it consumes a lot of time. In this method, we are going to question subject, family, relatives, teachers and friends.Typically data is gathered from a variety of sources and by using several different methods (e.g. observations interviews). The case study re search method originated in clinical medicine (the case history, i.e. the patients personal history).The case study method much involves simply observing what happens to, or reconstructing the case history of a single participant or group of individuals (such as a shoal class or a specific social group), i.e. the idiographic approach. Case studies allow a researcher to investigate a topic in far more detail than might be possible if they were trying to deal with a large number of research participants.In Case history, we use the following techniquesDay-Book method ( daytime to day development of a child). In this we will question to childs pediatrician.Biographical Method.Clinical Method (preventing, diagnosing and treating an individual)Social therapy worker, psychologist and physician are together with going to make a detailed report about the subject. After that they will conclude if the subject needs psycho-therapy or not.Case studies are widely used in psychological science and amongst the best known were the ones carried out by Sigmund Freud. He conducted very detailed investigations into the private lives of his patients in an attempt to both understand and help them overcome their illnesses.Freuds most famous case studies include Little Hans (1909a) and The Rat Man (1909b). Even today case histories are one of the important methods of investigation in abnormal psychology and psychiatry. For students of these disciplines they can give a vivid insight into what those who suffer from mental illness often have to endure. valuate METHODThe survey is a non- experimental, descriptive research method. Surveys can be useful when a researcher wants to collect data on phenomena that cannot be right off observed. A survey is a data collection tool used to gather information about individuals. Surveys are commonly used in psychology research to collect self-report data from study participants. A survey may focus on factual information about individuals, or i t might pay back to collect the opinions of the survey takers.Survey method is a general evaluation and inspection carried out with specific aim in mind to search for particular kind of information. When you have shortage of time, then you go with survey methodology.First we identify the problem on which we want to carry out a research. then(prenominal) we make a hypothesis on which our whole research would depend on.Then the questionnaire is made. The questions should be simple and clear, so that the subjects would not have any difficultness to understand the questions. Researchers have to ensure that all the questions are valid and relate to the research topic.After that, you sample the population and analyze the results and then conclusions are made according to the results.So following are the steps in survey methodIdentify the problem. Determine what you want to study.Sampling the population. Define the population to be studied.Design the questionnaire.Select a representativ e sample.Administer the survey.Analyze, conclude and discuss the results.PERSPECTIVESPsychology is a discipline that asks and answers the fundamental question, why do we behave the federal agency we do and think the way we think? The best way to characterize the different approaches that are taken to answer the question of psychology is to identify them as major perspectives. The major perspectives represent fundamental assumptions that underlie the research questions and methods that are used in order to answer the questions of psychology. Most all perspectives define psychology as the discipline interested in studying human behavior and mental processes, but that covers a lot of ground and the causes of behavior and mental processes are not always clear.So there are six major perspectives to explain a human behavior.1. Biological perspective2. Psychoanalytic perspective3. Behavioral prospect4. Humanistic PerspectiveThis perspective emphasizes on the role of motivation on model and behavior. Two of the most influential and enduring theories in humanistic psychology that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s are those of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.The humanistic perspective suggests that we are each responsible for our own happiness and well-being as humans. We have the inwrought (i.e. inborn) capacity for self-actualization which is our unique desire to achieve our highest potential as people.Because of this focus on the person and his or her personal experiences and subjective apprehension of the world the humanists regarded scientific methods as inappropriate for studying behavior. Humanistic perspective believes that if are determined to change anything you can. Decision making is in your own hand. So this perspective believes in human capacity and positive side of his behavior.5. cognitive Perspective6. Social cultural PerspectiveSCHOOL OF THOUGHTSWhen psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over ho w to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology. The modern history of psychology starts from the school of thoughts. The following are the six major schools of thoughts.1. structural linguistics2. Functionalism3. Gestalt PsychologyIts a German school of thought developed by Max Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka. The word Gestalt meaning is form, shape or unified whole. Gestalt psychology is a school of psychology based upon the fancy that we experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in result to the molecular approach of structuralism. Instead of break of serve down thoughts and behavior to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.According to Gestalt psychologi sts, the human mind works by interpreting data through various laws, rules or organizing principles, turning partial information into a whole. For example, your mind might interpret a series of lines as a square, even though it has no complete lines your mind fills in the gaps. Gestalt psychotherapists apply this logic to problem-solving to help patients.This school leads to the development of theory of perception. For instance when you discern something, you perceive as a whole rather than parts of something.4. Psychodynamic Model5. Humanistic ModelHumanistic psychology developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology instead focused on individual free will, personal growth and the concept of self-actualization. While early schools of thought were more often than not center on on abnormal human behavior, humanistic psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on helping people achieve and fulfill their potential. This school of thought was dev eloped by Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers. Humanistic psychology is basically a positive psychology, which emphasizes on the positive side of your behavior. This particular branch of psychology is centered on helping people living happier, more fulfilling lives.Humanist psychologists teach that to understand psychology, we must look at individuals and their motivations. Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs exemplifies this approach a system of needs, such as food, love and self-esteem, determines a persons behavior to various extents. Meeting these needs leads to a sense of self-satisfaction and solves psychological problems.6. Behaviorism7. Cognitive ModelObjectiveFill in the blanksMeaning of word Gestalt is __________(form, shape or unified whole)____________ is a German school of thought.(Gestalt psychology)____________ School of thought refers to positive psychology. (Humanistic)_______________ Perspective believes that Decision Making is in your own hands. (Humanistic)______________ School was developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism.(Humanistic)MCQsWhich of the following methods will we choose, if we have shortage of time (Survey Method)Case HistorySurvey MethodExperimental ResearchWhich school of thought leads to the development of theory of perception (Gestalt psychology)Gestalt psychologyFunctionalismStructuralismWhich of the following is a descriptive, non-experimental and less-time consuming method(Survey Method)Naturalistic ObservationCorrelationSurvey methodIn which research method, we question from the subjects pediatrician, therapist, friends and family (Case Study)Correlation MethodExperimental methodCase Study MethodWho gave the pyramid of hierarchy of need?(Abraham Maslow)Max WertheimerKohlerSigmund FreudAbraham MaslowMatch the columnsUnified whole (c)a. Theory of perceptionDecision Making (e)b. less time consumingHierarchy of needs is given by (d)c. GestaltGestalt Psychology leads to (a)d. Abraham MaslowSurvey Methodis (b)e. Human istic perspectiveTrue/ out of trueGestalt psychology leads to theory of evolution.(False)Case study is a less time consuming research method.(False)Humanistic school was developed by Abraham Maslow.(True)Survey is an experimental method.(False)Humanistic perspective believes in positive psychology.(True)