Hierarchy vs Heterarchy in Organizational Structures Research Paper - 1

Hierarchy vs Heterarchy in Organizational Structures - Research Paper ExampleConversely, a heterarchical structure supports the autonomy of the workers from the various departments of an establishment. In essence, this structure advocates for horizontal counsel of the affairs of an organization, as opposed to a vertical management, embraced by a hierarchical organizational structure. The management of an organization can take either a centralized control of trading operations or decentralized control of operations. Depending on the structure that an organization adopts, both structures have their merits and demerits in terms of improving the operations of an organization. In some organizations, the management often prefers controlling every aspect of operations under their supervision. This calls for a situation where employees work according to the managements preference. On the other hand, at that place are organizations that prefer giving employees space to undertake their own initiatives within the work environment so long as these initiatives can improve the organizations performance (Diefenbach and Sillince 1518). In this paper, I will examine the debate that surrounds hierarchy versus heterarchy in organizational structures and their successes and limitations in an organizations setting.Having a command center in any organization is essential because of those under the top management work according to orders from the management. This is a linchpin feature of organizations based on a hierarchy structure. Organizations operating in this line often embrace a vertical line of authority where there are levels and each(prenominal) level has an authority figure. In essence, this involves embracing an office cadre where authority starts with CEO moving to the bottom level of the organization. At each level, there is an authority figure with employees under him or her. This organization helps to simplify the chain of command, but the overall authority lies w ith the CEO of the organization.

Research & Professional Skills - Reflective Journal Essay

Research & Professional Skills - Reflective Journal - Essay ExampleFurther, there is a problem in final conclusiveness making because of various views and opinions.Enterprise Development subject is the discipline I have placed much keenness and interest because it is interesting and I whoop it up listening to the lecturer speak about the subject. Further, what makes this enterprise development an interesting subject is that the lecturer always encourage student to present themseves which gives us the susceptibility to learn and develop critical thinking and problem solving skill. In addition, this subject will enable me to develop business plan which in exercise will improve myself relevant indus separate out information and world business issues.In my research and development I encounter several challenges such as fear to public speaking. This is due to the fact that I have less self-confident, I m not comfortable speaking to a crowd of good deal since I feel embarrassed to loo k in the eyes of other volume. In addition, I am always anxious in the sense that I have the tendency of struggling against speech anxiety since I usually focus on my feeling rather than what I present. For instance, at the beginning, I try to avoid public speaking. Fortunately, I realise that in order to develop good research and professional skills, avoidance is not a better solution. Therefore, I try to be brave and self motivate before doing presentation in front of classmates. In the end, I realise that self confidence offer make me relax, do a full preparation , get usual with public speaking and make it as a part in my life.I should develop personal practice pragmatically over their career by reflecting on, and adoption of several sources. This in turn will assist me in developing courage when addressing the public thus enhancing my public speaking skill. Further, courage will have made me self confident and focused on my feelings rather than what people expect of me. It i s important in a persons life since it is the basis for the delivery of good practice and

Business improvement and creativity for PUMA company Essay

Business improvement and creativity for PUMA company - Essay suitThe PUMA company owns the brands Tretorn, Cobra Golf and the brand PUMA. The company, which was incepted in 1948 distributes its services in over 120 countries, staffs more than 11000 workers and has headquarters in Hong Kong, Boston and Herzogenaurach in Germany. This composing applies Kotters 8 degree Change Model approach to summarize business improvements of PUMA Company. A focused and informative analysis of the theory is do with the aid of a diagram analysis. The analysis of the theory is based on its weaknesses and strengths and case analysis of PUMA organization. Challenges, impact sustainability, resistance, current strategy, turnover, profit and audit atomic number 18 key points discussed in the paper in respect to PUMAs case study. Finally, the paper provides recommendations in view of what the company should do to support keep up improvement and success. Focused and Informative Theory Analysis Kotters 8 Stage Change Model Step one of this model stresses on the deal to create need. In order for change to occur, in an organization, the entire management must embrace the change (Schacter, 2002). Developing a sense of urgency near the needed anticipated change helps in sparkling the motivation to have things done (Katzenbach and Smith, 1993). This step encompasses identifying potential threats and originateing scenarios, which indicate what, is likely to happen in the future, examining opportunities to be exploited, requesting support from customers, and stakeholders and providing dynamics and reasons to get people thinking and talking. In order for the change to be effective, 75 percent of the management need purchase into the idea. Therefore, signifi back endt energy and time is required for building urgency prior moving to the next stage. Stage two is the form of a powerful coalition, which involves convince participants that change is necessary. This point requires visible and strong leadership from senior people within the organization. Tom (1982) argues that to effect change, bringing together influential people or a coalition from various professions remains critical. After the formation of the coalition, it should operate as a team by continuing to build momentum and urgency around the need for change (Hersey and Blanchard, 1977). Step three demands creation of a vision necessary for change. Solutions and great ideas should be linked to an overall vision, which people can easily remember and understand (Madaza and Agere, 1999). A central vision helps members to understand the importance of their contribution (Deal and Kennedy, 1982). The leaders should therefore establish the values, which are crucial to the change, develop a summary, which captures the organizations vision, practice the vision speech, create a strategy to implement the vision and ascertain the member fully comprehend the vision. Stage four is centered on communicating the vision. Communicating the vision frequently is indispensable at the slightest opportunity that arises (Hammer and Stanton, 1995). The newly created vision should be applied perfunctory to solve problems and when making decisions. This helps member to remember to the contents of the vision and apply in their departments. For the leaders, walking the talk is critical in demonstrating

The Psychological Effects of Alcohol Consumotion Research Paper

The Psychological Effects of Alcohol Consumotion - Research Paper ExampleAlcohol is created by dint of a chemical process of fermentation usually involved in a process of brewing or distilling. There are three main classes of intoxicant beer, wine, and liquor. Each one is unique in their strength and how they are made. Beer is traditionally brewed from hops using yeast for fermentation. Wine is made from a variety of grapes which is fermented to increase the alcohol content. Hard liquors have the highest alcohol content and are often created through a process known as distillation. There have been many different legislative actions which have influenced the mathematical function of alcohol in United States history. The first major event was the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment which prohibited the sale of alcohol in the United States. This caused an increased plague rate and increased sales of alcohol on the black market. The only way in which a person could get alcohol legally was through the prescription from a licensed physician. This was repealed by the twenty first amendment which once again allowed alcohol to be sold legally. There has alike been legislature which has decided that no one under the age of 21 may consume alcohol in the United States and states are given the right to set restrictions on types of alcohol sales and hours of operations for establishments selling alcohol (Gately, 2008). What is alcohol? Alcohol is both wet and adipose soluble. The chemical composition for alcohol (ethanol) is C2H5OH. The polarity of the grain caused by the oxygen is what allows alcohol to interact with the body. This means that alcohol can go in and affect around 90% of the bodys components and systems. It specifically functions as a depressant by lowering the neuroelectrical activity in the central nervous system which in turn affects other parts of the body. ethanol is specifically linked to dealing with the inhibition of the neurotransmitter s acetylcholine, GABA, serotonin, and NMDA receptors. Alcohol also stimulates the secretion of dopamine in the dopaminergic reward pathway which is what accounts for the euphoric effect associated with drinking (Begleiter, & Kissin, 1996). This is also seen in the interaction with GABA receptors. GABA is principally used by the body to control stress response. Alcohol stimulates these receptors on GABA neurons which are wherefore people usually report feeling calmer and more relaxed after consuming alcohol. This is also what helps with the psychological effect because this good feeling is reinforcing the alcoholic behavior. In supplement to the physiological effects that are caused by the disruption of the levels of these neurotransmitters, there are also psychological effects to be considered. Once alcohol enters the body, it is metabolized in the liver where the alcohol is converted into acetylaldehyde. This organic molecule is then broken down into acetate, water, and carbon dioxide. The human body is able to process approximately one drink an hour. This is however dependent on many factors. The first key difference is in gender. Males can typically process alcohol faster than women due to water to fat ratio. This is because alcohol is soluble in both water and fat. Metabolism is also another important key factor in the process of alcohol. too much alcohol can cause damage to many different organs. First, the liver is the most susceptible to damage. Even though the liver is the fastest regenerate organ in the body, scarring caused by overdrinking can

Nursing Informatics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Nursing Informatics - Assignment Exampleadvocates for healthcare reform by adopting meaningful use of certified electronic health records (EHRs) Tenet Healthcare across the nation (National Quality Forum, 2015). Through the implementation of electronic health records, Elizabeth Johnson enables nurses to analyze health data and improve the provide of quality healthcare in America at reduced costs.Elizabeth Johnson plays a major role in The TIGER initiative where she is a committee subdivision in the powerful HIT Standards Committee (The TIGER Initiative, 2014). The committee ensured the implementation of EHRs in America by the end of last year (The TIGER Initiative, 2014). Elizabeth Johnson has huge experience in executive and professional nursing (National Quality Forum, 2015). She uses this experience in health organizations that seek to reform the U.S. healthcare. Through her contribution, healthcare organizations establish the intimately effective way of enacting ARRAs HITECH legislation (National Quality Forum, 2015). Subject to her immense contributions, Elizabeth Johnson has won numerous awards and recognitions where she is one of Americas top 25 clinical informaticists and 2010 HIMSS 2010 Nursing Informatics Leadership Award winner (National Quality Forum, 2015).The TIGER Initiative. (2014). Revolutionary Leadership Driving Healthcare Innovation The TIGER Leadership developing Collaborative Report. Retrieved from

Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Ethics - Assignment Examplegher standard of behavior by society, because they atomic number 18 stewards of the prevalent trust and are empowered to apply force and remove constitutional privileges when righteousnessfully justified (Gleason). practice of law does not only take an oath of protect the nation, but is also expected to adhere to the highest standards of ethics and respect the laws they enforce upon others. Proper ethical training helps the police recognize ethical dilemma, identify solutions, engage the most appropriate solution from among a range of options, take prompt action, and take responsibility for the consequences.There are certain strategies that the police leaders potbelly adopt to instill ethics in the system. (Zuidema and Duff) highlight some of them The police leaders should make the ethical behavior a necessary part of the organizations mission and values. These values include but are not limited to leadership, dedication, and professionalism. This wa y, it becomes more convenient for the employees of the police department to recall the terms since they are part of in the organizations initials. The best way to achieve this effect is to display the values of ethical behavior for the officers and the community members on the brochures, website, and cars utilize by the organizational personnel. The police leaders should emphasize upon the ethical behavior in such organizational events as meetings and sessions of training and skill development. Inviting the sworn officers of law enforcement at all public ceremonies held by the organization to recite the oath of honor can be a potential way to achieve this. Police departments can also place emphasis on the ethical behavior in the philosophy of their organization. For example, the officers may be granted the power to solve problems apiece and make the required decisions in mutual consensus with the citizens. If the officers are granted this right, this would not only make them more particular about the ethical concerns and implications

Knowledge Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Knowledge Management - Essay ExampleThus, contemporary KM theories can roughly be class into three major categories 1. Technology- localizeed direct focus on the enhancement of technologies that facilitate sharing/growth of knowledge. 2. Organisational human bodying and reshaping the organisational environment in a way to facilitate knowledge processes. 3. Ecological focus on the interaction process within the organisational environment involving people, knowledge and environmental factors (Gordon & Edge, 1997). A similar categorisation of the KM approaches is suggested in perhaps the only black-tie taxonomy of KM up to date. Michael Earl (2001) based his research on comprehensive empirical data to identify three major schools of KM Technocratic emphasis on entropy or technologies of KM.Economic knowledge should be managed similarly to other assets (e.g. stock, bonds, etc).Behavioural focus on knowledge exchange as a fundamentally favorable process (p. 224).However, modern mode ls and theories of models atomic number 18 often difficult to fit in this taxonomy due to their integrative constitution which encompasses elements of each school. The below overview provides some key concepts and theories associated with legal KM system. Main BodyOne popular KM approach widely used these days is a so-called pragmatic management. Though it is not classified in the Earls classical taxonomy pragmatic management is recently becoming increasingly popular, especially in the small to middle organisations. This approach seems rather close to Earls behavioral paradigm that views knowledge management and knowledge exchange as fundamentally social processes.The main difference of this paradigm lies in the fact that it doesnt imply safe investments in the employees and their all-round... this paper describes the basic idea of knowledge management which is universal doing what is needed to get the most out of knowledge resources its practical effectuation may vary in e ach particular case. The variations are not too serious and mostly concern the share of attention paid to either expert or human aspect of KM while the key principles remain similar in the modern models of KM explicit and tacit knowledge, interactive nature of KM processes, increased attention cognitive and motivational aspects of KM. Therefore, the differences in KM systems implemented are mostly associated with different organizational structures and demands of the companies. Although the challenges related to designing/implementation of effective KM strategy are serious the practice continues to demonstrate that they are not compelling. The most essential of these challenges are identified in the professional person literature as well as the alternative ways and tools to cope with them.Tu sum up this paper approves that the major factors contributing to the failures of knowledge management strategies are highly changeable global environment, coupled with failure to take a holist ic approach to designing the system of knowledge management, and substantial resources required to design and implement a truly effective KM programme. Evidently, the first of these drawbacks has received better recognitions from the theorists whom develop KM models, programmes, and strategies for modern organisations.